Multi-Stage Process for Producing a Material of a Battery Cell

ABSTRACT

A system and method thereof are provided for multi-stage processing of one or more precursor compounds into a battery material. The system includes a mist generator, a drying chamber, one or more gas-solid separators, and one or more in-line reaction modules comprised of one or more gas-solid feeders, one or more gas-solid separators, and one or more reactors. Various gas-solid mixtures are formed within the internal plenums of the drying chamber, the gas-solid feeders, and the reactors. In addition, heated air or gas is served as the energy source within the processing system and as the gas source for forming the gas-solid mixtures to facilitate reaction rate and uniformity of the reactions therein. Precursor compounds are continuously delivered into the processing system and processed in-line through the internal plenums of the drying chamber and the reaction modules into final reaction particles useful as a battery material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/104,841, filed on Aug. 17, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/901,035, filed on May 23, 2013, whichclaims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No.61/855,063, filed on May 6, 2013. All of the above-referencedapplications are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD of THE INVENTION

This invention generally relates to the preparation of materials forbattery applications. More specifically, the invention related to methodand system in manufacturing structured cathode or anode active materialsfor use in secondary batteries.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Great efforts have been devoted to the development of advancedelectrochemical battery cells to meet the growing demand of variousconsumer electronics, electrical vehicles and grid energy storageapplications in terms of high energy density, high power performance,high capacity, long cycle life, low cost and excellent safety. In mostcases, it is desirable for a battery to be miniaturized, light-weightedand rechargeable (thus reusable) to save space and material resources.

In an electrochemically active battery cell, a cathode and an anode areimmersed in an electrolyte and electronically separated by a separator.The separator is typically made of porous polymer membrane materialssuch that metal ions released from the electrodes into the electrolytecan diffuse through the pores of the separator and migrate between thecathode and the anode during battery charge and discharge. The type of abattery cell is usually named from the metal ions that are transportedbetween its cathode and anode electrodes. Various rechargeable secondarybatteries, such as nickel cadmium battery, nickel-metal hydride battery,lead acid battery, lithium ion battery, and lithium ion polymer battery,etc., have been developed commercially over the years. To be usedcommercially, a rechargeable secondary battery is required to be of highenergy density, high power density and safe. However, there is atrade-off between energy density and power density.

Lithium ion battery is a secondary battery which was developed in theearly 1990s. As compared to other secondary batteries, it has theadvantages of high energy density, long cycle life, no memory effect,low self-discharge rate and environmentally benign. Lithium ion batteryrapidly gained acceptance and dominated the commercial secondary batterymarket. However, the cost for commercially manufacturing various lithiumbattery materials is considerably higher than other types of secondarybatteries.

In a lithium ion battery, the electrolyte mainly consists of lithiumsalts (e.g., LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiClO4) in an organic solvent (e.g.,ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate) such thatlithium ions can move freely therein. In general, aluminum foil (e.g.,15˜20 μm in thickness) and copper foil (e.g., 8˜15 μm in thickness) areused as the current collectors of the cathode electrode and the anodeelectrode, respectively. For the anode, micron-sized graphite (having areversible capacity around 330 mAh/g) is often used as the activematerial coated on the anode current collector. Graphite materials areoften prepared from solid-state processes, such as grinding andpyrolysis at extreme high temperature without oxygen (e.g.,graphitization at around 3000° C.). As for the active cathode materials,various solid materials of different crystal structures and capacitieshave been developed over the years. Examples of good cathode activematerials include nanometer- or micron-sized lithium transition metaloxide materials and lithium ion phosphate, etc.

Cathode active materials are the most expensive component in a lithiumion battery and, to a relatively large extent, determines the energydensity, cycle life, manufacturing cost and safety of a lithium batterycell. When lithium battery was first commercialized, lithium cobaltoxide (LiCoO₂) material is used as the cathode material and it stillholds a significant market share in the cathode active material market.However, cobalt is toxic and expensive. Other lithium transition metaloxide materials, such as layered structured LiMeO₂ (where the metalMe═Ni, Mn, Co, etc.; e.g., LiNi_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)Co_(0.33)O₂, with theirreversible/practical capacity at around 140˜150 mAh/g), spinelstructured LiMn₂O₄ (with reversible/practical capacity at around 110-120mAh/g), and olivine-type lithium metal phosphates (e.g., LiFePO₄, withreversible/practical capacity at around 140-150 mAh/g) have recentlybeen developed as active cathode materials. When used as cathodematerials, the spinel structured LiMn₂O₄ materials exhibit poor batterycycle life and the olivine-type LiFePO₄ materials suffer from low energydensity and poor low temperature performance. As for LiMeO₂ materials,even though their electrochemical performance is better, priormanufacturing processes for LiMeO₂ can obtain mostly agglomerates, suchthat the electrode density for most LiMeO₂ materials is lower ascompared to LiCoO₂. In any case, prior processes for manufacturingmaterials for battery applications, especially cathode active materials,are too costly as most processes consumes too much time and energy, andstill the qualities of prior materials are inconsistent andmanufacturing yields are low.

Conventional material manufacturing processes such as solid-statereaction (e.g., mixing solid precursors and then calcination) andwet-chemistry processes (e.g., treating precursors in solution throughco-precipitation, sol-gel, or hydrothermal reaction, etc., and thenmixing and calcination) have notable challenges in generating nano- andmicron-structured materials. It is difficult to consistently produceuniform solid materials (i.e., particles and powders) at desiredparticle sizes, morphology, crystal structures, particle shape, and evenstoichiometry. Most conventional solid-state reactions require longcalcination time (e.g., 4-20 hours) and additional annealing process forcomplete reaction, homogeneity, and grain growth. For example, spinelstructured LiMn₂O₄ and olivine-type LiFePO₄ materials manufactured bysolid-state reactions require at least several hours of calcination,plus a separate post-heating annealing process (e.g., for 24 hours), andstill showing poor quality consistency. One intrinsic problem withsolid-state reaction is the presence of temperature and chemical (suchas O₂) gradients inside a calcination furnace, which limits theperformance, consistency and overall quality of the final products.

On the other hand, wet chemistry processes performed at low temperatureusually involve faster chemical reactions, but a separate hightemperature calcination process and even additional annealing processare still required afterward. In addition, chemical additives, gelationagents, and surfactants required in a wet chemistry process will add tothe material manufacturing cost (in buying additional chemicals andadjusting specific process sequence, rate, pH, and temperature) and mayinterfere with the final composition of the as-produced active materials(thus often requiring additional steps in removing unwanted chemicals orfiltering products). Moreover, the sizes of the primary particles of theproduct powders produced by wet chemistry are very small, and tend toagglomerates into undesirable large sized secondary particles, thusaffecting energy packing density. Also, the morphologies of theas-produced powder particles often exhibit undesirable amorphousaggregates, porous agglomerates, wires, rods, flakes, etc. Uniformparticle sizes and shapes allowing for high packing density aredesirable.

The synthesis of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) materials is relativelysimple and includes mixing a lithium salt (e.g., lithium hydroxide(LiOH) or lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃)) with cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) ofdesired particle size and then calcination in a furnace at a very hightemperature for a long time (e.g., 20 hours at 900° C.) to make surethat lithium metal is diffused into the crystal structure of cobaltoxide to form proper final product of layered crystal structured LiCoO₂powders. This approach does not work for LiMeO₂ since transition metalslike Ni, Mn, and Co does not diffuse well into each other to formuniformly mixed transition metal layers if directly mixing and reacting(solid-state calcination) their transition metal oxides or salts.Therefore, conventional LiMeO₂ manufacturing processes requires buyingor preparing transitional metal hydroxide precursor compounds (e.g.,Me(OH)₂, Me═Ni, Mn, Co, etc.) from a co-precipitation wet chemistryprocess prior to making final active cathode materials (e.g., lithiumNiMnCo transitional metal oxide (LiMeO₂)).

Since the water solubility of these Ni(OH)₂, Co(OH)₂, and Mn(OH)₂precursor compounds are different and they normally precipitate atdifferent concentrations, the pH of a mixed solution of these precursorcompounds has to be controlled and ammonia (NH₃) or other additives hasto be added slowly and in small aliquots to make sure nickel (Ni),manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) can co-precipitate together to formmicron-sized nickel-manganese-cobalt hydroxide (NMC(OH)₂) secondaryparticles. Such co-precipitated NMC(OH)₂ secondary particles are oftenagglomerates of nanometer-sized primary particles. Therefore, the finallithium NMC transitional metal oxide (LiMeO₂) made from NMC(OH)₂precursor compounds are also agglomerates. These agglomerates are proneto break under high pressure during electrode calendaring step and beingcoated onto a current collector foil. Thus, when these lithium NMCtransitional metal oxide materials are used as cathode active materials,relatively low pressure has to be used in calendaring step, and furtherlimiting the electrode density of a manufactured cathode.

In conventional manufacturing process for LiMeO₂ active cathodematerials, precursor compounds such as lithium hydroxide (LiOH) andtransitional metal hydroxide (Me(OH)₂ are mixed uniformly insolid-states and stored in thick Al₂O₃ crucibles. Then, the cruciblesare placed in a heated furnace with 5-10° C./min temperature ramp upspeed until reaching 900° to 950° C. and calcinated for 10 to 20 hours.Since the precursor compounds are heated under high temperature for along time, the neighboring particles are sintered together, andtherefore, a pulverization step is often required after calcination.Thus, particles of unwanted sizes have to be screened out afterpulverization, further lowering down the overall yield. The hightemperature and long reaction time also lead to vaporization of lithiummetals, and typically requiring as great as 10% extra amount of lithiumprecursor compound being added during calcination to make sure the finalproduct has the correct lithium/transition metal ratio. Overall, theprocess time for such a multi-step batch manufacturing process will takeup to a week so it is very labor intensive and energy consuming. Batchprocess also increases the chance of introducing impurity with poorrun-to-run quality consistency and low overall yield.

Thus, there is a need for an improved process and system to manufacturehigh quality, structured active materials for a battery cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally relate to preparing materials for batteryapplications. More specifically, the invention related to method andsystem for producing material particles (e.g., active electrodematerials, etc.) in desirable crystal structures, sizes andmorphologies. In one embodiment, a multi-stage in-line processing systemand method thereof is provided for producing a material of a batterycell. The processing system generally includes one or more processingmodules comprised of a mist generator, a drying chamber, one or moregas-solid separators, and one or more in-line reaction modules. Thereaction modules include one or more gas-solid feeders and/or one ormore reactors, and optionally one or more gas-solid separators. Theprocessing modules and the reaction modules are provided for multi-stageprocessing of one or more precursor compounds into final reactionproduct particles. In another embodiment, one or more cooling mechanismsare provided to lower the temperature of final reaction productparticles.

Various gas-solid mixtures are formed within the internal plenums of thedrying chamber, the one or more gas-solid feeders, and the one or morereactors. In addition, heated air or gas is served as the energy sourcefor reactions inside the drying chamber, the gas-solid feeders, and/orthe reactors and as the gas source for forming the gas-solid mixtures tofacilitate reaction rate and uniformity of the reactions therein. Solidprecursors are continuously delivered into the processing modules andthe reaction modules of the processing system and processed, throughvarious plenums of the chambers, feeder reactors, and/or reactors withinthe processing system, into final reaction product particles.

In one embodiment, a method of producing a material (e.g., cathode oranode active materials) for a battery electrochemical cell is provided.The method includes drying a first mixture formed from a mist of aliquid mixture comprising one or more precursors and a flow of a firstgas at a first temperature for a first residence time inside a dryingchamber, and separating the first mixture into a first type of solidparticles and a first side product. Next, the first type of solidparticles of one or more precursor compounds are delivered through oneor more multi-stage in-line reaction modules for further reaction.Within a first reaction module, a second gas-solid mixture is formedfrom the first type of solid particles and a flow of a second gas heatedto a second temperature and the second gas-solid mixture is separatedinto a second type of solid particles and a second side product. Thesecond type of solid particles is then delivered into a second reactionmodule to form a third gas-solid mixture comprising the second type ofsolid particles and a flow of a third gas heated to a third temperatureinside a reactor. Then, the third gas-solid mixture is reacted for asecond residence time inside the reactor and a reacted gas-solid mixtureis formed. The reacted gas-solid mixture is cooled to obtain finalreacted solid particles.

In one aspect, the final reacted solid particles are suitable as anactive electrode material to be further processed into an electrode of abattery cell. In another aspect, the reacted gas-solid mixture isseparated into a third type of solid particles and a third side product,and the third type of solid particles is further processed into abattery material. In still another aspect, one or more flows of acooling fluid can be used to cool the temperature of the final reactedsolid particles and/or the third type of solid particles. In a furtheraspect, a flow of a cooling fluid is delivered to be mixed with thefinal reacted solid particles to form a cooled gas solid-mixture andcool the temperature thereof. The cooled gas-solid mixture is thenseparated into a cooled final reacted solid particles and a fourth sideproduct.

In another embodiment, a method of producing a material for a batteryelectrochemical cell incudes drying a first mixture formed from a mistof a liquid mixture and a flow of a first gas at a first temperature fora first residence time inside a drying chamber, and separating the firstmixture into a first type of solid particles and a first side product.Next, the first type of solid particles is delivered through one or moremulti-stage in-line reaction modules of a processing system for furtherreaction. The method further includes forming a second gas-solid mixturein a first reaction module and forming a third gas-solid module in asecond reaction module.

Within the first reaction module, the second gas-solid mixture formedfrom the first type of solid particles and a flow of a second gas heatedto a second temperature is reacted for a second residence time andseparated into a second type of solid particles and a second sideproduct. Next, the second type of solid particles is deliveredcontinuously into a second reaction module. Within the second reactionmodule, the third gas-solid mixture formed from the second type of solidparticles and a flow of a third gas heated to a third temperature isreacted inside a reactor for a third residence time. Then, a portion ofgas-solid mixtures within the reactor is delivered out of the reactorand separated into a third type of solid particles and a third sideproduct. The method further includes circulating a portion of the thirdtype of solid particles back into the reactor to be reacted for a fourthresidence time inside the reactor and forming a reacted gas-solidmixture, and separating the reacted gas-solid mixture into final reactedsolid particles and a fourth side product. Optionally, a flow of acooling fluid is delivered to mix with the final reacted solid particlesand form a cooled gas solid-mixture. The cooled gas-solid mixture canthen be separated into a cooled final reacted solid particles and afifth side product.

In still another embodiment, a method of producing a material for abattery electrochemical cell includes drying a first mixture formed froma mist of a liquid mixture and a flow of a first gas inside a dryingchamber at a first temperature for a first residence time, separatingthe first mixture into a first type of solid particles and a first sideproduct, reacting a second mixture formed from the first type of solidparticles and a flow of a second gas heated to a second temperatureinside a gas-solid feeder for a second residence time, and separatingthe second mixture into a second type of solid particles and a secondside product. Next, the second type of solid particles is delivered to afluidized bed reactor and mixed with a flow of a third gas that isheated to a third temperature to form a third mixture. The fluidized bedreactor may be a circulating fluidized bed reactor, a bubbling fluidizedbed reactor, an annular fluidized bed reactor, a flash fluidized bedreactor, and combinations thereof. Inside the fluidized bed reactor, thethird mixture is reacted for a third residence time to form a reactedgas-solid mixture. Then, the reacted gas-solid mixture is delivered outof the fluidized bed reactor. The reacted gas-solid mixture can befurther processed and/or cooled to obtain final reacted solid particles.In one aspect, the final reacted solid particles are mixed with a flowof a cooling fluid to form a cooled gas solid-mixture from and cool thetemperature of the final reacted solid particles. The cooled gas-solidmixture is then separated into a cooled final reacted solid particlesand a third side product.

In a further embodiment, a multi-stage in-line processing system formanufacturing a material of a battery cell is provided. The processingsystem includes a drying chamber connected to a first gas line andadapted to flow a first gas inside the drying chamber, and a firstgas-solid separator connected to the drying chamber, wherein the firstgas-solid separator receives a chamber-product from the drying chamberand separates the one or more drying chamber products into a first typeof solid particles and a first side product.

The processing system further includes one or more gas-solid feeders,one or more second gas-solid separators, and one or more reactors. Theone or more gas-solid feeders are connected to the first gas-solidseparator and one or more second gas lines, wherein the one or moregas-solid feeders receive the first type of solid particles from thefirst gas-solid separator, mix a second gas with the first type of solidparticles, and form one or more gas-solid mixtures therein. The one ormore second gas-solid separators are connected to the one or moregas-solid feeders, wherein the one or more second gas-solid separatorsseparate the one or more gas-solid mixtures into one or more types ofsolid particles and one or more side products. The one or more reactorsare connected to the one or more second gas-solid separators and a thirdgas line having a third gas flowed therein, wherein the one or morereactors receive the one or more types of solid particles from the oneor more second gas-solid separators and mix the one or more types ofsolid particles with the third gas into a reaction mixture, wherein afinal reaction product is obtained from a reaction of the reactionmixture within the one or more reactors.

In one aspect, the processing system may further include a mistgenerator connected to the drying chamber and adapted to generate a mistfrom a liquid mixture of one or more precursors. In another aspect, theprocessing system uses heated gas being pre-heated to a desiredtemperature and flowed from one or more gas lines into the processingsystem as energy source to react various gas-solid mixtures into finalreaction products.

In still another aspect, the multi-stage in-line processing systemprovides a first stage of processing the one or more precursors into thefirst type of solid particles using the drying chamber and the firstgas-solid separator. Next, the multi-stage in-line processing systemprovides one or more in-line reaction modules to process the first typeof solid particles containing the one or more precursors into finalreaction products. For example, a first reaction module within theprocessing system may include one or more gas-solid feeders and one ormore second gas-solid separators to process the first type of solidparticles into one or more types of solid particles; whereas a secondreaction module may include one or more reactors to process the one ormore types of solid particles into the final reaction product.

Within the first reaction module, the gas-solid feeders are connected tothe first gas-solid separator and one or more second gas lines toreceive the first type of solid particles from the first gas-solidseparator, mix a second gas with the first type of solid particles, andform one or more gas-solid mixtures therein. The one or more secondgas-solid separators are connected to the one or more gas-solid feedersto separate the one or more gas-solid mixtures into one or more types ofsolid particles and one or more side products. Within the secondreaction module, one or more reactors (e.g., a fluidized bed reactor)are used to receive the one or more types of solid particles from theone or more second gas-solid separators and mix the one or more types ofsolid particles with a third gas into a reaction mixture. A finalreaction product is obtained from a reaction of the reaction mixturewithin the fluidized bed reactor.

In still another embodiment, a processing system of producing a materialfor a battery cell includes a drying chamber, a first gas-solidseparator, one or more gas-solid feeders, one or more second gas-solidseparators, and a fluidized bed reactor. In one aspect, the processingsystem further comprises one or more third gas-solid separatorsconnected to the fluidized bed reactor and adapted to separate a portionof a reaction mixture from the fluidized bed reactor into solidparticles and deliver a portion of the solid particles back into thefluidized bed reactor for further reaction. In another aspect, theprocessing system further comprises one or more cooling mechanismadapted to cool a final reaction product obtained from a reaction of thereaction mixture. The one or more cooling mechanisms may be one or moregas-solid separators, gas-solid feeders, heat exchangers, fluidizedbeds, and combinations thereof.

In still another embodiment, a processing system of producing a materialfor a battery cell includes a first module comprising a drying chamberand a first gas-solid separator. The drying chamber includes a chamberinlet adapted to deliver a mist of a precursor-containing liquidmixture, and a gas inlet connected to a first gas line and adapted toflow a first gas inside the drying chamber. The first gas-solidseparator is connected to the drying chamber to receive achamber-product from the drying chamber and separate the onechamber-product into a first type of solid particles and a first sideproduct.

The processing system further includes one or more second modules, whereeach second module includes a first gas-solid feeder and a secondgas-solid separator. The first gas-solid feeder may include a feederinlet connected to the first gas-solid separator and adapted to receivethe first type of solid particles from the first gas-solid separator,and a feeder gas inlet connected to a second gas line and adapted toflow a second gas to be mixed with the first type of solid particles andform a second gas-solid mixture therein. The second gas-solid separatoris connected to the first gas-solid feeder to separate the one or moregas-solid mixtures into a second type of solid particles and a secondside product.

The processing system further includes a third module comprising areactor, where a final reaction product is obtained from a reaction ofreaction mixtures within the reactor. The reactor may include a reactorinlet and a reactor gas inlet. The reactor inlet is connected to thesecond gas-solid separator and adapted to receive the second type ofsolid particles from the second gas-solid separator. The reactor gasinlet is connected to a third gas line and adapted to flow a third gasto be mixed with the second type of solid particles into reactionmixtures. Optionally, the processing system further includes one or moregas-solid separators and a cooling module comprising one or more coolingmechanisms. At least one of the one or more gas-solid separators may beconnected to the reactor and adapted to separate a portion of thereaction mixture into a third type of solid particles and deliver aportion of the third type of solid particles back into the reactor forfurther reaction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above recited features of the presentinvention can be understood in detail, a more particular description ofthe invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference toembodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Itis to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate onlytypical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to beconsidered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to otherequally effective embodiments.

FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of a flow chart of a method ofproducing a material for a battery electrochemical cell.

FIG. 1B illustrates a continuation of the flow chart of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of employing aprocessing system in a method of preparing a battery material.

FIG. 2B illustrates a multi-stage in-line processing system useful inpreparing a battery material according one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3A is a schematic of one embodiment of a processing system usefulin preparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell.

FIG. 3B is a schematic of another embodiment of a processing systemuseful in preparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell.

FIG. 3C is a schematic of still another embodiment of a processingsystem useful in preparing a material for a battery electrochemicalcell.

FIG. 3D is a schematic of yet another embodiment of a processing systemuseful in preparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell.

FIG. 4A illustrates one example of a temperature-versus-time profile ofa multi-stage process using the processing system of FIG. 3A to preparea battery material according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4B illustrates another example of a temperature-versus-time profileof a multi-stage process using the processing system of FIG. 3B toprepare a battery material according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4C illustrates another example of a temperature-versus-time profileof a multi-stage process using the processing system of FIG. 3C toprepare a battery material according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4D illustrates another example of a temperature-versus-time profileof a multi-stage process using the processing system of FIG. 3D toprepare a battery material according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5A illustrates one exemplary gas-solid separator useful in anin-line processing system to prepare a material of a battery cellaccording various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5B illustrates another exemplary gas-solid separator useful in anin-line processing system to prepare a material of a battery cellaccording various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5C illustrates still another exemplary gas-solid separator usefulin an in-line processing system to prepare a material of a battery cellaccording various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6A illustrates one exemplary reactor useful in an in-lineprocessing system to prepare a battery material according one embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 6B illustrates another exemplary reactor useful in an in-lineprocessing system to prepare a battery material according one embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 6C illustrates still another exemplary reactor useful in an in-lineprocessing system to prepare a battery material according one embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 6D illustrates yet another exemplary reactor useful in an in-lineprocessing system to prepare a battery material according one embodimentof the invention.

FIGS. 7A-7F show a schematics of a drying chamber with exemplary gasflows and mist flows therein according to various embodiments of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention generally provides a multi-stage in-lineprocessing system and a method thereof for producing a material of abattery cell. The processing system generally includes a first-stageprocessing module, one or more second-stage reaction modules, athird-stage reaction module, and a fourth-stage cooling module. Solidprecursors are continuously delivered into the processing system andprocessed, through various plenums of the in-line processing andreaction modules, into final reaction particles.

For example, the processing system may include a mist generator, adrying chamber, one or more gas-solid separators, one or more gas-solidfeeders, a reactor, and one or more cooling mechanisms. Variousgas-solid mixtures are formed within the internal plenums of the dryingchamber, the one or more gas-solid feeders, and the reactor. Inaddition, heated air or gas is served as the energy source for anyreactions inside the drying chamber, the gas-solid feeders, and/or thereactor, and as the gas source for forming the gas-solid mixtures tofacilitate reaction rates and uniformity of the reactions therein. Theprocessing system is useful in performing a continuous process tomanufacture a material for a battery cell, save material manufacturingtime and energy, and solve the problems of high manufacturing cost, lowyield, poor quality consistency, low electrode density, low energydensity as seen in conventional active material manufacturing processes.

In one aspect, one or more precursor compounds, such as one or moremetal-containing precursors, are mixed with a liquid solvent to form aliquid mixture to obtain uniform blending of the precursors. In anotheraspect, the ratio of different metal precursors within the liquidmixture can be adjusted (e.g., in desirable molar ratio that correlatedto desired composition of the final reaction products). The liquidmixture is then promptly dried into a first gas-solid mixture, whichincludes dried solid particles of the precursors evenly distributed in agas phase. The first gas-solid mixture is then separated by a firstgas-solid separator into a first type of solid particles containing theevenly mixed precursors. Next, the first type of solid particles iscontinuously delivered into one or more in-line reaction modules forfurther reaction. For example, a first reaction module may be used toprocess the first type of solid particles into partially-reacted productparticles, which are then processed by a second reaction module intofinal reaction products. The final reaction products are then cooled bya cooling module comprising one or more cooling mechanisms.

In still another aspect, gas-solid mixtures are formed inside the dryingchamber and the one or more processing and reaction modules, and arefurther separated into solid particles to be delivered into the nextprocessing modules. Unwanted waste and side products and reactionby-products are separated and removed during the continuous materialmanufacturing process to ensure the quality of final product particles.Accordingly, a continuous multi-stage process is performed within theprocessing system to obtain high quality and consistent active batterymaterials with much less time, labor, and supervision than materialsprepared from conventional manufacturing processes.

FIG. 1 illustrates a method 100 of producing a material useful in abattery electrochemical cell. Firstly, at step 102 of the method 100, aflow of a first gas is flowed in to a drying chamber, and a mist is alsogenerated inside the drying chamber. The mist is formed from a liquidmixture comprised of one or more precursors dissolved and/or dispersedin a suitable liquid solvent. Within the drying chamber, the flow of thefirst gas and the flow of the mist are mixed together.

In general, liquid form of a precursor compound can be prepared directlyinto a liquid mixture in a desired concentration. Solid form of aprecursor compound can be dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent(e.g., water, alcohol, isopropanol, or any other organic or inorganicsolvents, and their combinations) to form into a liquid mixture of anaqueous solution, slurry, gel, aerosol or any other suitable liquidforms. One or more precursors can be used, depending on the desiredcomposition of a final reaction product. For example, two or more solidprecursors can be prepared in desirable molar ratio and mixed into aliquid mixture, such as by measuring and preparing appropriate amountsof the two or more solid precursors into a container with suitableamounts of a solvent. Depending on the solubility of the precursors in achosen solvent, pH, temperature, and mechanical stirring and mixing canbe adjusted to obtain a liquid mixture where one or more precursorcompounds at the desirable molar concentrations are fully dissolvedand/or evenly dispersed.

In one example, two or more metal-containing precursors are mixed into aliquid mixture for obtaining a final reaction product of a mixed metaloxide material. Exemplary metal-containing precursors include, but arenot limited to, metal salts, lithium-containing compound,cobalt-containing compound, manganese-containing compound,nickel-containing compound, lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄), lithium nitrate(LiNO₃), lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), lithium acetate (LiCH₂COO), lithiumhydroxide (LiOH), lithium formate (LiCHO₂), lithium chloride (LiCl),cobalt sulfate (CoSO₄), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO₃)₂), cobalt carbonate(CoCO₃), cobalt acetate (Co(CH₂COO)₂), cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)₂),cobalt formate (Co(CHO₂)₂), cobalt chloride (CoCl₂), manganese sulfate(MnSO₄), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO₃)₂), manganese carbonate (MnCO₃),manganese acetate (Mn(CH₂COO)₂), manganese hydroxide (Mn(OH)₂),manganese formate (Mn(CHO₂)₂), manganese chloride (MnCl₂), nickelsulfate (NiSO₄), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂), nickel carbonate (NiCO₃),nickel acetate (Ni(CH₂COO)₂), nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂), nickel formate(Ni(CHO₂)₂), nickel chloride (NiCl₂), aluminum (Al)-containing compound,titanium (Ti)-containing compound, sodium (Na)-containing compound,potassium (K)-containing compound, rubidium (Rb)-containing compound,vanadium (V)-containing compound, cesium (Cs)-containing compound,chromium (Cr)-containing compound, copper (Cu)-containing compound,magnesium (Mg)-containing compound, iron (Fe)-containing compound, andcombinations thereof, among others.

Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that, in order toprepare an oxide material with two or more different metals, all of therequired metal elements are first mixed in liquid phase (e.g., into asolution, slurry, or gel) using two or more metal-containing precursorcompounds as the sources of each metal element such that the two or moredifferent metals can be mixed uniformly at desired ratio. As an example,to prepare a liquid mixture of an aqueous solution, slurry or gel, oneor more metal salts with high water solubility can be used. For example,metal nitrate, metal sulfate, metal chloride, metal acetate, and metalformate, etc., can be used. Organic solvents, such as alcohols,isopropanol, etc., can be used to dissolve and/or dispersemetal-containing precursors with low water solubility. In some cases,the pH value of the liquid mixture can be adjusted to increase thesolubility of the one or more precursor compounds. Optionally, chemicaladditives, gelation agents, and surfactants, such as ammonia, EDTA,etc., can be added into the liquid mixture to help dissolve or dispersethe precursor compounds in a chosen solvent.

The mist of the liquid mixture may be generated by a mist generator,such as a nozzle, a sprayer, an atomizer, or any other mist generators.Most mist generators employ air pressure or other means to covert aliquid mixture into liquid droplets. The mist generator can be coupledto a portion of the drying chamber to generate a mist (e.g., a largecollection of small size droplets) of the liquid mixture directly withinthe drying chamber. As an example, an atomizer can be attached to aportion of the drying chamber to spray or inject the liquid mixture intoa mist containing small sized droplets directly inside the dryingchamber. In general, a mist generator that generates a mist ofmono-sized droplets is desirable. Alternatively, a mist can be generatedoutside the drying chamber and delivered into the drying chamber.

Desired liquid droplet sizes can be adjusted by adjusting the sizes ofliquid delivery/injection channels within the mist generator. Dropletsize ranging from a few nanometers to a few hundreds of micrometers canbe generated. Suitable droplet sizes can be adjusted according to thechoice of the mist generator used, the precursor compounds, thetemperature of the drying chamber, the flow rate of the first gas, andthe residence time inside the drying chamber. As an example, a mist withliquid droplet sizes between one tenth of a micron and one millimeter isgenerated inside the drying chamber.

At step 104, the mist of the liquid mixture is dried (e.g., removing itsmoisture, liquid, etc.) at a drying temperature for a desired firstresidence time and form into a first gas-solid mixture with the flow ofthe first gas within the drying chamber. As the removal of the moisturefrom the mist of the precursor compounds is performed within the dryingchamber filled with the first gas, a first gas-solid mixture composingof the heated first gas and the precursor compounds is formed.Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention provides that the first gasflowed within the drying chamber is used as the gas source for forming afirst gas-solid mixture within the drying chamber. In anotherembodiment, the first gas flowed within the drying chamber is heated andthe thermal energy of the heated first gas is served as the energysource for carrying out drying reaction, evaporation, dehydration,and/or other reactions inside the drying chamber. The first gas can beheated to a temperature of between 70° C. to 600° C. by passing througha suitable heating mechanism, such as electricity powered heater,fuel-burning heater, etc.

In one configuration, the first gas is pre-heated to a temperature ofbetween 70° C. to 600° C. prior to flowing into the drying chamber.Optionally, drying the mist can be carried out by heating the dryingchamber directly, such as heating the chamber body of the dryingchamber. For example, the drying chamber can be a wall-heated furnace tomaintain the drying temperature within internal plenum of the dryingchamber. The advantages of using heated gas are fast heat transfer, hightemperature uniformity, and easy to scale up, among others. The dryingchambers may be any chambers, furnaces with enclosed chamber body, suchas a dome type ceramic drying chamber, a quartz chamber, a tube chamber,etc. Optionally, the chamber body is made of thermal insulationmaterials (e.g., ceramics, etc.) to prevent heat loss during drying.

The first gas may be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogengas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, amongothers. For example, heated air can be used as an inexpensive gas sourceand energy source for drying the mist. The choice of the first gas maybe a gas that mix well with the mist of the precursors and dry the mistwithout reacting to the precursors. In some cases, the chemicals in thedroplets/mist may react to the first gas and/or to each other to certainextent during drying, depending on the drying temperature and thechemical composition of the precursors. In addition, the residence timeof the mist of thoroughly mixed precursor compounds within the dryingchamber is adjustable and may be, for example, between one second andone hour, depending on the flow rate of the first gas, and the lengthand volume of the path that the mist has to flow through within thedrying chamber.

The mist of the liquid mixture is being dried within the drying chamberusing the heated first gas flowed continuously and/or at adjustable,variable flow rates. At the same time, the dried solid particles ofprecursors are carried by the first gas, as a thoroughly-mixed gas-solidmixture, through a path within the drying chamber, and as more first gasis flowed in, the gas-solid mixture is delivered out of the dryingchamber and continuously delivered to a first gas-solid separatorconnected to the drying chamber.

Not wishing to be bound by theory, in the method 100 of manufacturing abattery material using one or more precursor compounds, it iscontemplated that the one or more precursor compounds are prepared intoa liquid mixture and then converted into droplets, each droplet willhave the one or more precursors uniformly distributed. Then, themoisture of the liquid mixture is removed by passing the dropletsthrough the drying chamber and the flow of the first gas is used tocarry the mist within the drying chamber for a suitable residence time.It is further contemplated that the concentrations of the precursorcompounds in a liquid mixture and the droplet sizes of the mist of theliquid mixture can be adjusted to control the chemical composition,particle sizes, and size distribution of final reaction productparticles of the battery material.

Next, at step 106, the first gas-solid mixture comprising of the firstgas and the precursors mixed together are separated into a first type ofsolid particles and a first side product using, for example, a firstgas-solid separator. The first type of the solid particles may includethoroughly-mixed solid particles of the precursors. Accordingly, a firststage of the method 100 of preparing a battery material includeobtaining a first type of solid particles from a first gas-solid mixturecomprised of a first gas and one or more precursor compounds.

In the method 100 of preparing a final material product in multiplestages, it is contemplated to perform one or more reactions of theprecursor compounds in a first drying stage, two or more reactionstages, one or more cooling stages, etc., in order to obtain finalreaction products in desired size, morphology, and crystal structure,which are ready for further battery applications. Not wishing to bebound by theory, it is designed to perform the reaction of theprecursors in two or more reaction stages to allow sufficient time andcontact of the precursor compounds to each other, encourage nucleationof proper crystal structure and proper folding of particle morphology,incur lower-thermodynamic energy partial reaction pathways, ensurethorough reactions of all precursor compounds, and finalize completereactions, among others.

The first type of solid particles comprising the precursor compounds arethen processed in two or more processing stages (e.g., a secondprocessing stage and a third processing stage) using at least a firstreaction module designed for initiating reactions, and a second reactionmodule designed for completing reactions and obtaining final reactionproducts. Additional reaction modules can also be used. In oneembodiment, the first reaction module includes one or more gas-solidfeeders for processing the first type of solid particles into one ormore types of solid particles, where a portion of them are partiallyreacted (some complete reactions may occur). The second reaction moduleincludes one or more reactors for processing the one or more types ofsolid particles into final reaction products to ensure completereactions of all the reaction products.

Accordingly, the method 100 may include a first processing stage ofdrying a mist of a liquid mixture and obtaining a first type ofprecursor-containing solid particles using a processing module comprisedof a drying chamber and a first gas-solid separator. The method 100 mayfurther include a second processing stage of reacting the first type ofsolid particles using a reaction module comprised of one or moregas-solid feeders and one or more gas-solid separators.

At step 108, a flow of a second gas is delivered to the first type ofsolid particles once the first type of solid particles is separated fromthe first side product. For example, a first gas-solid feeder can beused to mix the second gas with the first type of solid particlescollected from the first gas-solid separator and form a second gas-solidmixture inside the first gas-solid feeder. In one embodiment, the secondgas is heated to a second temperature, which may be a desired reactiontemperature, such as a temperature of between 400° C. to 1300° C., andflowed into the first gas-solid feeder to serve as the energy source forinitiating one or more reactions to the precursor-containing first typeof solid particles. In another embodiment, the second temperature withinthe first gas-solid feeder is a temperature higher than the firsttemperature used within the drying chamber.

A Gas-solid feeder is used as a quick and easy in-line deliverymechanism to mix solids with gases and without the drawback of using achamber reactor (e.g., a furnace), which often requires periodicmaintenance and repair. Exemplary gas-solid feeders include, but are notlimited to, a venture feeder, a rotary feeder, a screw feeder, a tablefeeder, a belt feeder, a vibrating feeder, a tube feeder, andcombinations thereof, among others.

At step 110, the second gas-solid mixture reacted at the secondtemperature is then separated into a second type of solid particles anda second side product using, for example, a second gas-solid separator.The second type of the solid particles may be contain a solid particlemixture comprising of unreacted, partially reacted, and/or competereacted particles of the precursors. The second side product may includeunwanted solvent molecules, reaction by-products, and/or waste gases.

Optionally, the second processing stage of performing partial reactionsof the precursor compounds may be conducted in series and/or in-lineconsecutively to obtain additional types of solid particles usingadditional reaction modules comprised of at least one gas-solid feederand at least one gas-solid separator. For example, at step 112, thesecond type of solid particles may be delivered into, for example, asecond gas-solid feeder, and a flow of a third gas may be flowed intothe second gas-solid feeder to mix with the second type of solidparticles and form a third gas-solid mixture. The flow of the third gasmay be heated to a third temperature of between 400° C. to 1300° C., andto serve as the energy source to the third gas-solid mixture for one ormore reactions. In one embodiment, the third temperature within thesecond gas-solid feeder is a temperature higher the second temperatureused within the first gas-solid feeder. At step 114, the third gas-solidmixture reacted at the third temperature is then separated into a thirdtype of solid particles and a third side product using, for example, athird gas-solid separator.

The gas-solid mixtures within the first and the second gas-solid feedermay undergo one or more partial or complete reactions. Exemplaryreactions of the various type of solid particles within the gas-solidfeeders may include, any of oxidation, reduction, decomposition,combination reaction, phase-transformation, re-crystallization, singledisplacement reaction, double displacement reaction, combustion,isomerization, and combinations thereof, among others. For example, thesecond and third gas-solid mixture may be partially or completelyoxidized, such as oxidizing the precursor compounds into an oxidematerial.

Exemplary second and third gases include, but are not limited to air,oxygen, carbon dioxide, an oxidizing gas, hydrogen gas, a reducingagent, nitrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof,among others. For an oxidation reaction, an oxidizing gas, such as air,oxygen, etc., can be used. For a reduction reaction, a reducing gas,such as hydrogen gas, ammonium, etc., can be used as the second gas. Inaddition, nitrogen gas or inert gas can be used as carrier gas. As anexample, heated air is used as the gas source at steps 108, 112.

It is contemplated to remove unwanted side products at the steps 110,112, 114, 116 of the second processing stage, such that various types ofsolid particles can be further processed without interference from thereaction side products. Accordingly, a second stage of the method 100 ofpreparing a battery material includes obtaining various types of solidparticles (e.g., the second type and/or the third type of solidparticles, which may be at least partially reacted) and removingunwanted side products.

The method 100 may further include a third processing stage of reactingvarious type of solid particles into final reaction products using areaction module comprised of at least one reactor, and optionally one ormore gas-solid separators. At step 116, a flow of a fourth gas that isheated to a fourth temperature is flowed inside a reactor. Accordingly,a fourth gas-solid mixture containing the heated fourth gas and varioustypes of solid particles delivered from the second and/or the thirdgas-solid separators is formed inside the reactor. In one embodiment,the fourth gas is heated to a desired reaction temperature, such as atemperature of between 400° C. to 1300° C., and flowed into the reactorto serve as the energy source for reacting and/or annealing the varioustypes of unreacted, partially and/or completely reactedprecursor-containing solid particles. In another embodiment, the fourthtemperature within the reactor is a temperature higher than the secondor third temperature within the gas-solid feeders.

At step 118, the fourth gas-solid mixture inside the reactor is heatedat the fourth temperature and reacted for a second residence time toform a reacted gas-solid mixture. The second residence time may be anyresidence time to carry out a complete reaction of the fourth gas solidmixture, such as a residence time of between one second and ten hours,or longer. Reactions of the fourth gas-solid mixture within the reactormay include any of oxidation, reduction, decomposition, combinationreaction, phase-transformation, re-crystallization, single displacementreaction, double displacement reaction, combustion, isomerization, andcombinations thereof, among others. For example, the fourth gas-solidmixture may be oxidized, such as oxidizing and reacting precursorcompounds into an oxide material.

Exemplary fourth gas includes, but is not limited to air, oxygen, carbondioxide, an oxidizing gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, ammonium, areducing agent, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, amongothers. For an oxidation reaction, an oxidizing gas, such as air,oxygen, etc., can be used. For a reduction reaction, a reducing gas,such as hydrogen gas, ammonium, etc., can be used as the second gas.Other gas such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, or a carrier gas mayalso be used. As an example, heated air is used as the gas source atsteps 116 to obtain final reaction product of an oxide material. Asanother example, heated nitrogen-containing gas is used as the gassource at steps 116 to obtain final reaction products.

It is contemplated to obtain a reacted gas-solid mixture within thereactor using energy from the fourth gas that is heated to a reactiontemperature to fully complete the reaction and obtain desired crystalstructure of the solid particles of the final reaction products. Theadvantages of flowing air or gas already heated are faster heattransfer, uniform temperature distribution (especially at hightemperature range), and easy to scale up, among others.

At step 120, optionally, a portion of the reacted gas-solid mixture fromthe reactor are delivered out of the reactor and separated into a fourthtype of solid particles and feed back into the reactor to encouragecomplete reaction of all the compounds inside the reactor and promoteuniform particle sizes of final reacted products. The fourth type ofsolid particles may have a large particle cut-off size, which mayrepresent unreacted or partially reacted solid particles, oragglomerates of reacted particles, among other, and need to be furtherprocessed to undergo further reactions, e.g., decomposition,phase-transformation, re-crystallization, displacement reactions,combination reaction, etc.

The method 100 may include a fourth processing stage of cooling thereacted gas-solid mixture and obtaining solid particles of a finalreaction product at desired size, morphology, and crystal structure. Forexample, the temperature of the reaction product may be slowly cooleddown to room temperature to avoid interfering or destroying a process offorming into its stable energy state with uniform morphology and desiredcrystal structure. In another example, the cooling stage may beperformed very quickly to quench the reaction product such the crystalstructure of the solid particles of the reaction product can be formedat its stable energy state. As another example, a cooling processingstage in a multi-stage continuous process may include a cooling modulecomprised of one or more cooling mechanisms. Exemplary coolingmechanisms may be, for example, a gas-solid separator, a heat exchanger,a gas-solid feeder, a fluidized bed cooling mechanism, and combinationsthereof, among others.

For example, at step 122, the reacted gas-solid mixture can be separatedto obtain a fifth type of solid particles and remove a fourth sideproduct. As the side product may include high temperature gas vapor, theseparation and removal of the side product help to cool the temperatureof the fifth type of solid particles. Alternatively, the reactedgas-solid mixture can be cooled into final slid particles after thenatural evaporation of hot vapor gas, which may take a long time,depending on the reaction temperature inside the reactor and/or thefinal temperature of the reacted gas-solid mixture. To speed up coolingand encourage continuous processing within the various drying chamber,gas-solid feeders, and reactor of the processing system, it is desirableto cool the fifth type of solid particles using one or more coolingmechanisms.

Optionally, at step 124, the method 100 includes mixing a flow of afirst cooling fluid with the fifth type of solid particles to form afirst cooled gas-solid mixture and facilitate cooling efficiency. Forexample, a gas-solid feeder may be used to mix a cooling fluid (e.g., agas or liquid) with the fifth type of solid particles. It iscontemplated that delivering a cooling air or gas having a much lowertemperature than the temperature of the solid particles to be cooled andforming a cooled gas-solid mixture may promote faster heat transfer,uniform temperature distribution, and uniform crystal structure of thecooled particles, among others. Next, at step 126, the first cooledgas-solid mixture is separated into a sixth type of solid particles anda fifth side product. The cooling module may include additional coolingmechanisms to facilitate faster delivery and cooling of the reactedgas-solid mixture. For example, at step 128, a flow of a second coolinggas can be delivered to a cooling mechanism, such as a heat exchanger, agas-solid feeder, a fluidized bed, etc., to further cool the temperatureof the sixth type of solid particles.

Tandem cooling mechanisms can be employed in-line to continuouslydeliver and cool the solid particles faster. For example, at step 130,the 6^(th) type of the solid particles may be delivered into anothercooling mechanism, such as a heat exchanger, a fluidized bed, etc., tofurther lower its temperature. Finally, at step 132, final solidparticles of desired size, morphology, and crystal structure areobtained, and packing of the solid particles ready for various batteryapplications is performed at step 134.

FIG. 2A illustrates one example of a multi-stage in-line processingsystem, such as a processing system 300, useful in preparing a batterymaterial, according one embodiment of the invention. The processingsystem 300 generally includes a mist generator, a drying chamber, one ormore separators, one or more feeders, and one or more reactors. Theprocessing system 300 can be used in a multi-stage process to preparefinal product particles of a battery material from one or moreprecursors. The multi-stage process may include a first processing stageof drying a mist of a precursor-containing liquid mixture and obtaininga first type of solid particles, a second processing stage of initiatingreactions to generate one or more types of solid particles (e.g., asecond type of solid particles, and a third type of solid particles), athird processing stage of completing reactions to generate one or moretypes of reacted solid particles (e.g., a fourth type of solidparticles, a fifth type of solid particles, final solid particles, andfinal reacted solid particles, etc.), and an optional fourth processingstage of cooling reaction products and obtaining final product particles(e.g., a fourth type of solid particles, and a fifth type of solidparticles, a sixth type of solid particles, final solid particles, andfinal reacted solid particles, etc.)

The processing system 300 may include multiple in-line processingmodules designed to process the one or more precursors continuously andefficiently and save manufacturing time and cost. For example, theprocessing system 300 may include a first processing module comprised ofa mist generator 306, a drying chamber 310, and a gas-solid separator(e.g., a gas-solid separator A in FIGS. 2A-2B, a gas-solid separator320A in FIGS. 3A-3D, and/or gas-solid separators 520A, 520B, 520C, 520Din FIGS. 5A-5C, a cyclone, etc.)

The processing system 300 may include additional processing modules,such as two or more reaction modules, and an optional cooling module.One or more reaction modules (e.g., a first reaction module and/or asecond reaction module, as shown in FIG. 2A) are provided for initiatingreactions of the precursors, and at least another reaction module (e.g.,a third reaction module, as shown in FIG. 2A) is provided for performingfinal and complete reactions.

For example, in FIG. 2A, the first reaction module (the secondprocessing module) is comprised of a feeder A (e.g., gas-solid feeder330A in FIGS. 3A-3D, a venture feeder, a rotary feeder, a screw feeder,a table feeder, a belt feeder, a vibrating feeder, a tube feeder, and/orother types of feeders, etc.) and a separator B (e.g., a gas-solidseparator 320B in FIGS. 3A-3D, gas-solid separators 520A, 520B, 520C,520D in FIGS. 5A-5C, a cyclone, an electrostatic separator, etc.). Inaddition, the second reaction module (the third processing module) iscomprised of a feeder B (e.g., gas-solid feeder 330B in FIG. 3D, aventure feeder, a rotary feeder, a screw feeder, a table feeder, a beltfeeder, a vibrating feeder, a tube feeder, and/or other types offeeders, etc.) and a separator C (e.g., a gas-solid separator 320C inFIG. 3D, the gas-solid separators 520A, 520B, 520C, 520D in FIGS. 5A-5C,a cyclone, an electrostatic separator, etc.).

In FIG. 2A, the third reaction module (the fourth processing module) isprovided for completing reactions and may be comprised of a reactor(e.g., the reactor 340 in FIGS. 3A-3D, reactors 340A, 340B, 340C, 340Din FIGS. 6A-6D a furnace, a fluidized bed reactor, etc.) and one or moreseparators (e.g., separator D and separator E in FIGS. 2A-2B, gas-solidseparators 320D, 320E in FIGS. 3A-3D, a cyclone, an electrostaticseparator, a fluidized bed separator, etc.) Optionally, final reactionproducts can be cooled by the cooling module (e.g., the fifth processingmodule in FIG. 2A) within the processing system 300, and the coolingmodule may include one or more feeders (e.g., a gas-solid feeder 330C inFIG. 3C, a venture feeder, a tube feeder, etc.), one or more separators(e.g., gas-solid separators 320E, 320F in FIGS. 3B-3D, the gas-solidseparators 520A, 520B, 520C, 520D in FIGS. 5A-5C, a cyclone, anelectrostatic separator, etc.), one or more heat exchangers (e.g., heatexchangers 350, 350A, 350B in FIGS. 3A-3D, etc.), one or more fluidizedcooling beds, and other cooling mechanisms.

FIG. 2B illustrates a flow chart of operating the method 100 ofpreparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell using theprocessing system 300 fully equipped with all of the requiredmanufacturing tools. First, a liquid mixture containing one or moreprecursors is prepared and delivered into the mist generator 306 of theprocessing system 300. The mist generator 306 is coupled to the dryingchamber 310 and adapted to generate a mist from the liquid mixture.

Within the first drying stage, a first flow of heated gas (e.g., heatedto a drying temperature of between 70° C. and 600° C.) can be flowedinto the drying chamber 310 to fill and pre-heat an internalvolume/plenum of the drying chamber 310 prior to the formation of themist or at the same time when the mist is generated inside the dryingchamber 310. The mist is mixed with the heated gas and its moisture isremoved such that a first gas-solid mixture, which contains the firstheated gas, the one or more precursors, and/or other gas-phase waste andside products or by-products, etc., is formed. The use of the heated gasas the energy source to dry the mist provides the benefits of fast heattransfer, precise temperature control, uniform temperature distributiontherein, and/or ease to scale up, among others. Next, the firstgas-solid mixture is continuously delivered into a separator A (e.g.,the gas-solid separator 320A, etc.) to separate the first gas-solidmixture into a first type of solid particles and a first side product.The first side product includes unwanted vapor, unwanted waste productsand reaction side products and can be are separated and removed out ofthe processing system 300.

In a second stage, the first type of solid particles is delivered intothe gas-solid feeder 330A to be mixed with a second flow of heated gas(e.g., heated to a temperature of between 400° C. and 1300° C.) and forma second gas-solid mixture. The reaction inside the gas-solid feeder330A can be carried out for a time period to initiate one or morereactions to the first type of solid particles within the secondgas-solid mixture. The use of the heated gas as the energy source toinitiate reactions inside the gas-solid feeder 330A provides thebenefits of fast heat transfer, precise temperature control, simpledesign, low cost, and/or uniform temperature distribution, among others.

For example, the second-gas-solid mixture is reacted for a time periodwhich is about the time that the second gas-solid mixture is formed andtransported through the gas-solid feeder 330A to a gas-solid separatorB. The gas-solid separator B separates the second gas-solid mixture intoa second type of solid particles and a second side product. The secondside product may contain unwanted reaction side products, by-products,and vapors, etc., and can be removed out of the processing system 300.The second type of solid particles may be comprised of a mixture ofunreacted, partially reacted, and/or completely reacted compounds.

In a third stage, the second type of solid particles is then deliveredinto the gas-solid feeder 330B to be mixed with a third flow of heatedgas (e.g., heated to a temperature of between 400° C. and 1300° C.) andform a third gas-solid mixture. The reaction inside the gas-solid feeder330B is carried out for a time period to continue with particle materialprocessing and ensure thoroughly-mixed, efficient thermal reactions andother reactions to occur to the second type of solid particles withinthe third gas-solid mixture. The use of the heated gas as the energysource inside the gas-solid feeder 330B provides the benefits of fastheat transfer, precise temperature control, simple design, low cost,and/or uniform temperature distribution, among others. Thethird-gas-solid mixture is reacted for a time period which is about thetime that the third gas-solid mixture is formed and transported throughthe gas-solid feeder 330B to a gas-solid separator C. The gas-solidseparator C separates the third gas-solid mixture into a third type ofsolid particles and a third side product. The third type of solidparticles may be comprised of a mixture of unreacted, partially reacted,and/or completely reacted compounds.

In a fourth stage, the third type of solid particles is delivered intothe reactor 340 to be mixed with a fourth flow of heated gas (e.g.,heated to a temperature of between 400° C. and 1300° C.) and form afourth gas-solid mixture. The solid particles within the fourthgas-solid mixture may undergo one or more reactions (e.g., oxidization,reduction, decomposition, combination reaction, phase-transformation,re-crystallization, single displacement reaction, double displacementreaction, combustion, isomerization, and combinations thereof) and formreacted gas-solid mixture. The use of the heated gas as the energysource for reactions inside the reactor 340A provides the benefits offast heat transfer, precise temperature control, simple design, lowcost, uniform temperature distribution, and/or easy to scale up, amongothers. The reaction inside the reactor 340 is carried out for a timeperiod until final reaction products can be obtained. For example, aportion of the gas-solid mixture can be continuously delivered into agas-solid separator D to obtain a fourth type of solid particles. Thefourth type of solid particles may be comprised of a mixture ofunreacted, partially reacted, and/or completely reacted compounds, suchas large sizes agglomerates, larger sizes particles, amorphousparticles, and other reacted particles, etc.. At least a portion of the4^(th) type of solid particles separated from the gas-solid separator Dis delivered back into the reactor 340 for further reactions until theparticles are completely reacted to final desired reaction products.Reacted gas-solid mixture from the reactor 340 can be delivered to agas-solid separator E to be separated into a fifth type of solidparticles, final solid particles, and/or final reacted solid particles.

Optionally, in a fourth stage, the fifth type of solid particles can bedelivered into one or more cooling mechanisms (e.g., one or morefeeders, separators, and/or heat exchangers, etc.). In addition, one ormore flow of cooling fluid (gas or liquid) may be used to cool thetemperature of the reaction products. For example, one or more flows ofcooling fluid may be delivered to some of the cooling mechanisms to coolthe particles in gas phase. The use of the cooling gas to mix with solidparticles and cool the solid particles provides the benefits of fastheat transfer, precise temperature control, uniform temperaturedistribution, and/or easy to scale up, among others. As another example,a cooling fluid (e.g., gas or liquid) can be delivered to a coolingmechanism to lower the temperature of the solid particles without mixingwith the solid particles.

The final solid product particles can be delivered out of the processingsystem 300 for further analysis on their properties (e.g., specificcapacity, power performance, battery charging cycle performance, etc.),particle sizes, morphology, crystal structure, etc., to be used as amaterial in a battery cell. Finally, the final particles are packed intoa component of a battery cell.

FIGS. 3A-3D illustrates examples of the processing system 300, anintegrated tool with one or more in-line processing modules to carry outa fast, simple, multi-stage, continuous, and low cost manufacturingprocess for preparing a material useful in various battery applications.In FIG. 3A, the processing system 300 generally includes a first dryingmodule, two reactions modules, and a cooling module. The first dryingmodule may include the mist generator 306, the drying chamber 310, andthe gas-solid separator 320A. The first reaction module of theprocessing system 300 as shown in FIG. 3A may include the gas-solidfeeder 330A and the gas-solid separator 320B, and the second reactionmodule may include the reactor 340 and the gas-solid separator 320D. Theprocessing system 300 may further include a cooling module comprising atleast a heat exchanger 350.

In FIG. 3A, the mist generator 306 of the processing system 300 isconnected to a liquid mixture container 304, which in turn may beconnected to one or more precursor compound sources and solvent sourcesfor mixing them together into a liquid mixture. Desired amounts ofprecursor compounds (in solid or liquid form) and solvents are dosed,mixed (e.g., by a mixer or other mechanism, not shown), so that theprecursor compounds can be dissolved or dispersed in the solvent and mixwell into a liquid mixture. If necessary, the liquid mixture is heatedto a temperature, such as between 30° C. and 90° C. to help uniformlydissolve, disperse, and mix the precursors. The liquid mixture is thendelivered to the liquid mixture container 304. The liquid mixturecontainer 304 is optionally connected to a pump 305, which pumps theliquid mixture from the liquid mixture container 304 into the mistgenerator 306 of the processing system 300 to generate a mist.

The mist generator 306 converts the liquid mixture into a mist withdesired droplet size and size distribution. In addition, the mistgenerator 306 is coupled to the drying chamber 310 in order to dry andremove moisture from the mist and obtain thoroughly-mixed solidprecursor particles. In one embodiment, the mist generator 306 ispositioned near the top of the drying chamber 310 that is positionedvertically (e.g., a dome-type drying chamber, etc.) to inject the mistinto the drying chamber 310 and pass through the drying chambervertically downward. Alternatively, the mist generator can be positionednear the bottom of the drying chamber 310 that is vertically positionedto inject the mist upward into the drying chamber to increase theresidence time of the mist generated therein. In another embodiment,when the drying chamber 310 is positioned horizontally (e.g., a tubedrying chamber, etc.) and the mist generator 306 is positioned near oneend of the drying chamber 310 such that a flow of the mist, beingdelivered from the one end through another end of the drying chamber310, can pass through a path within the drying chamber 310 for thelength of its residence time.

The drying chamber 310 generally includes a chamber inlet 315, a chamberbody 312, and a chamber outlet 317. In one configuration, the mistgenerator 306 is positioned inside the drying chamber 310 near thechamber inlet 315 and connected to a liquid line 303 adapted to flow theliquid mixture therein from the liquid mixture container 304. Forexample, the liquid mixture within the liquid mixture container 304 canbe pumped by the pump 305 through the liquid line 303 connected to thechamber inlet 315 into the internal plenum of the drying chamber 310.Pumping of the liquid mixture by the pump 305 can be configured, forexample, continuously at a desired delivery rate (e.g., adjusted by ametered valve or other means) to achieve good process-throughput withinthe processing system 300. In another configuration, the mist generator306 is positioned outside the drying chamber 310 and the mist generatedtherefrom is delivered to the drying chamber 310 via the chamber inlet315.

One or more gas lines (e.g., a gas line 388A) can be coupled to variousportions of the drying chamber 310 and adapted to flow a first gas froma gas source 382A into the drying chamber 310. A flow of the first gasstored in the gas source 382A can be delivered, concurrently with theformation of the mist inside the drying chamber 310, into the dryingchamber 310 to carry the mist through the drying chamber 310, removemoisture from the mist, and form a gas-solid mixture with theprecursors. Also, the flow of the first gas can be delivered into thedrying chamber 310 prior to the formation of the mist to fill andpreheat an internal plenum of the drying chamber 310 prior to generatingthe mist inside the drying chamber 310.

In one example, the gas line 388A is connected to the top portion of thedrying chamber 310 to deliver the first gas into the mist generator 306positioned near the chamber inlet 315 to be mixed with the mistgenerated by the mist generator 306 inside the drying chamber 310. Inone embodiment, the first gas is preheated to a temperature of between70° C. and 600° C. to mix with the mist and remove moisture from themist. As another example, the gas line 388A delivering the first gastherein is connected to the chamber inlet 315 of the drying chamber 310,in close proximity with the liquid line 303 having the liquid mixturetherein. In another example, the gas line 388A is connected to thechamber body 312 of the drying chamber 310 to deliver the first gastherein and mix the first gas with the mist generated from the mistgenerator 306. In addition, the gas line 388A (e.g., a branch of the gasline 388A) and/or another gas line may also connected to the dryingchamber 310 near the chamber outlet 317 to ensure the gas-solid mixtureformed within the drying chamber 310 is uniformly mixed with the firstgas throughout the internal plenum of the drying chamber 310.Accordingly, the first gas can thoroughly mix with the mist of theliquid mixture inside the drying chamber 310.

The flow of the first gas may be pumped through an air filter to removeany particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the firstgas can be adjusted by a valve or other means. In one embodiment, thefirst gas is heated to a drying temperature to mix with the mist andremove moisture from the mist. It is designed to obtain spherical solidparticles from a thoroughly-mixed liquid mixture of one or moreprecursors after drying the mist of the liquid mixture. In contrast,conventional solid-state manufacturing processes involve mixing ormilling a solid mixture of precursor compounds, resulting in unevenmixing of precursors.

FIGS. 7A-7F show examples of the drying chamber 310 which may beconfigured in the processing system 300 according to various embodimentsof the invention. Inside the drying chamber 310, there are at least amist flow 702 and at least a first gas flow 704 flowing and passingthrough therein. In one embodiment, the flows of the mist of the liquidmixture (e.g., the mist flow 702) and the flows of the first gas (e.g.,the first gas flow 704) may encounter with each other inside the dryingchamber at an angle of 0 degree to 180 degrees. In addition, the airstreams of the mist flow 702 and the first gas flow 704 may be flowed instraight lines, spiral, intertwined, and/or in other manners. Forexample, the flow of the first gas and the flow of the mist flowinginside the drying chamber 310 can be configured to flow as co-currents,as shown in the examples of FIG. 7A-7C and 7F. Advantages of co-currentflows are shorter residence time, lower particle drying temperature, andhigher particle separation efficiency, among others. As another example,the flow of the first gas and the flow of the mist flowing inside thedrying chamber can be configured to flow as counter currents, as shownin the examples of FIG. 7D-7E. Advantage of counter currents are longerresidence time and higher particle drying temperature, among others

In the example of FIG. 7A, the mist flow 702 and the first gas flow 704are configured at an angle of zero (0) degree and can merge into a mixedflow (e.g., co-currents) inside the drying chamber. The first gas flow704 is flowed into a portion of the drying chamber 310 near where themist flow 702, such that the first gas is in close proximity with themist to heat and dry the mist. In the example of FIG. 7B, the mist flow702 and the first gas flow 704 are configured at an α angle of less than90 degree and can merge into a mixed flow inside the drying chamber 310.In the example of FIG. 7C, the mist flow 702 and the first gas flow 704are configured at an α angle of 90 degree and can merge into a mixedflow inside the drying chamber 310. In addition, the mist flow 702 andthe first gas flow 704 may be flowed at various angles directed to eachother and/or to the perimeter of the chamber body to promote theformation of spiral, intertwined, and/or other air streams inside thedrying chamber 310.

In the example of FIG. 7D, the mist flow 702 and the first gas flow 704are configured at an α angle of 180 degree and are flowed as countercurrents. FIG. 7E illustrates one example of the mist generator 306positioned at the bottom of the drying chamber 310 such that the mistflow 702 and the first gas flow 704 can be configured at an α angle of180 degree and are flowed as counter currents. In an alternativeembodiment, the drying chamber 310 can be positioned horizontally.Similarly, the mist flow 702 and the first gas flow 704 can beconfigured at an α angle of between 0 degree and 180 degree. In theexample of FIG. 7F, the mist flow 702 and the first gas flow 704 areconfigured at an angle of zero (0) degree and flowed as co-currents tobe merge into a mixed flow inside the drying chamber 310 along ahorizontal path.

Referring back to FIG. 3A, once the mist of the liquid mixture is driedand a gas-solid mixture with the first gas is formed, the gas-solidmixture is delivered out of the drying chamber 310 via the chamberoutlet 317. The drying chamber 310 is coupled to the gas-solid separator320A of the processing system 300. The gas-solid separator 320A collectsproducts from the drying chamber (e.g., a gas-solid mixture having thefirst gas and dried particles of the two or more precursors mixedtogether) from the chamber outlet 317.

The gas-solid separator 320A includes a separator inlet 321A, two ormore separator outlets 322A, 324A. The separator inlet 321A is connectedto the chamber outlet 317 and adapted to collect the gas-solid mixtureand other chamber products from the drying chamber 310. The gas-solidseparator 320 separates the gas-solid mixture from the drying chamber310 into a first type of solid particles and a first side product. Theseparator outlet 322A is adapted to deliver the first type of solidparticles to additional in-line processing modules for initiatingreactions and further processing. The separator outlet 324A is adaptedto deliver the first side product out of the gas-solid separator 320A.The first side product may be delivered into a gas abatement device 326Ato be treated and released out of the processing system 300. The firstside product may include, for example, water (H₂O) vapor, organicsolvent vapor, nitrogen-containing gas, oxygen-containing gas, O₂, O₃,nitrogen gas (N₂), NO, NO₂, NO₂, N₂O, N₄O, NO₃, N₂O₃, N₂O₄, N₂O₅,N(NO₂)₃, carbon-containing gas, carbon dioxide (CO₂), CO,hydrogen-containing gas, H₂, chlorine-containing gas, Cl₂,sulfur-containing gas, SO₂, small particles of the first type of solidparticles, small particles of the second type of solid particles, andcombinations thereof.

Suitable gas-solid separators include cyclones, electrostaticseparators, electrostatic precipitators, gravity separators, inertiaseparators, membrane separators, fluidized beds, classifiers, electricsieves, impactors, particles collectors, leaching separators,elutriators, air classifiers, leaching classifiers, and combinationsthereof, among others. FIGS. 5A-5C show examples of gas-solid separators520A, 520B, 520C, 520D, being connected to the drying chamber 310 of theprocess system 300 according various embodiments of the invention.

In the example of FIG. 5A, the gas-solid separator 520A is a cycloneparticle collector. The gas-solid separator 520A collects the gas-solidmixture from the drying chamber 310 via the separator inlet 321A andseparates the gas-solid mixture, through high speed rotational flow,gravity, and other air flows, within its cylindrical and/or conicalbody. Air flows in a helical pattern, beginning at the top (wide end) ofthe gas-solid separator 520A and ending at the bottom (narrow) endbefore exiting the gas-solid separator 520A in a straight stream throughthe center of the cyclone and out the top via the separator outlet 324A.Larger (denser) particles in a rotating stream may strike the outsidewall of the gas-solid separator 520A and then fall to the bottom of thegas-solid separator 520A to be removed via the separator outlet 322A. Ina conical portion of the gas-solid separator gas-solid separator 520A,as the rotating flow moves towards the narrow end of the gas-solidseparator 520A, the rotational radius of the flow of the gas-solidmixture is reduced, thus being able to separate smaller and smallerparticles. Usually, the geometry, together with air flow rate inside thegas-solid separator 520A defines the particle cut point size of thegas-solid separator 520A.

In the example of FIG. 5B, the gas-solid separator 520B is a cycloneparticle collector. The gas-solid separator 520B is optionally used toensure the gas-solid mixture from the drying chamber 310 is separatedinto specific particle cut point size, to be circulated back into thedrying chamber 310 via the separator outlet 322A. Chamber products fromthe drying chamber 310 are delivered from a chamber outlet 519 into thegas-solid separator 520C. The gas-solid separator 520C may be, forexample, a fluidized bed particle collector, for carrying out dryingand/or multiphase chemical reactions. A gas is flowed from a gas line515 through a distributor plate within the gas-solid separator 520C todistribute and fill the gas-solid separator 520C. The fluid flowed fromthe gas line 515 is passed, at high enough velocities, through thegas-solid separator 520C full of a granular solid material (e.g., thechamber products, gas-solid mixture, and other particles delivered fromthe drying chamber 310) to suspend the solid material and cause it tobehave as though it were a fluid, a process known as fluidization. Solidparticles supported above the distributor plate can mix well and beseparated from gas and/or liquid by-products, side products, or wasteproducts, which are delivered out of the gas-solid separator 520C via agas outlet 537. Solid particles of the two or more precursors that aredried and uniformly mixed together are delivered out of the gas-solidseparator 520C via a separator outlet 522.

In the example of FIG. 5C, the gas-solid separator 520D is anelectrostatic precipitating (ESP) particle collector. The gas-solidseparator 520D collect the gas-solid mixture or chamber products fromthe drying chamber 310 and removes solid particles from a flowing gas(such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge withminimal impedance for the flow of gases through the device, an ESPparticle collector applies energy only to the particles being collected(not to any gases or liquids) and therefore is very efficient in energyconsumption. After separation through the gas-solid separator 520D, thefirst type of solid particles are delivered out via the separator outlet322A and the first side product is flowed out via the separator outlet324A.

The first type of solid particles may include at least the particles ofthe one or more precursors that are dried and uniformly mixed together.It is contemplated to separate the first type of solid particles awayfrom any side products, gaseous by-products or waste products, prior toreacting the two or more precursors in the processing modules (e.g., thegas-solid feeder 330A, the reactor 340, etc.). Accordingly, the dryingmodule of the processing system 300 is designed to mix the two or moreprecursors uniformly, dry the two or more precursors, separate the driedtwo or more precursors, and react the two or more precursors into finalreaction products in a continuous manner.

Referring back to FIG. 3A, once the first type of solid particles areseparated and obtained, it is delivered continuously (e.g., in-line)into the next processing modules, such as the gas-solid feeder 330A andthe gas-solid separator 320B of the first reaction module to initiatereactions, and further to the reactor 340 and one or more separatorswithin the second reaction module for further reactions and processing.The gas-solid feeder 330A includes a solid inlet 335A, a gas inlet 388Bconnected to a gas source 382B, and a gas-solid outlet 337A. Thegas-solid feeder 330A is connected to the separator outlet 322A andadapted to receive the first type of solid particles. Optionally, one ormore vessel can be configured to store the first type of solid particlesprior to adjusting the amounts of the first type of solid particlesdelivered into the gas-solid feeder 330A. In general, a gas-solid feederemploys a stream of gas to mix with and deliver solid particles orpowders to a desired destination. Exemplary gas-solid feeders include aventuri feeder, a rotary feeder, a screw feeder, a table feeder, a beltfeeder, a vibrating feeder, a tube feeder, and combinations thereof,among others.

It is contemplated to couple the gas inlet 388B of the gas-solid feeder330A to a heating mechanism to heat a second gas from the gas source382B to a reaction temperature of between 400° C. and 1300° C. forinitiate reactions of the first type of solid particles and deliver thesolid particles to a reactor for complete reactions. The heatingmechanism can be, for example, an electric heater, a gas-fueled heater,a burner, among other heaters. Additional gas lines can be used todeliver heated air or gas into the gas-solid feeder 330A, if needed. Thepre-heated second gas is injected into the gas-solid feeder 330A at anadjustable flow rate to fill the internal plenum of the gas-solid feeder330A and mix with the first type of solid particles to form a secondgas-solid mixture. The internal plenum of the gas-solid feeder 330A canbe maintained at an internal temperature, using the thermal energy ofthe second gas injected within the gas-solid feeder 330A. One or morereactions of the first type of solid particles can be initiated for atime period that the gas-solid mixture of the second gas and the firsttype of the solid particles are formed, passing through the gas-solidfeeder 330A, and into the gas-solid separator 320B. Thermal energy fromthe pre-heated second gas is used as the energy source for initiatingone or more reactions to the second gas-solid mixture formed inside thegas-solid feeder 330A, for a residence time of between 1 second and tenhours, or longer, depending on the reaction temperature and the type ofthe precursors initially delivered into the processing system 300.

The second gas-solid mixture is then go through one or more reactions,including, but not limited to, oxidation, reduction, decomposition,combination reaction, phase-transformation, re-crystallization, singledisplacement reaction, double displacement reaction, combustion,isomerization, and combinations thereof. For example, the solidparticles within the second gas-solid mixture may be oxidized, such asoxidizing the precursor compounds into an oxide material of theprecursors. As another example, the solid particles within secondgas-solid mixture may be reduced and transformed into a reduced materialof the precursors. Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplatedthat heated gas injected into the gas-solid feeder 330A at an adjustableflow rate provides much better thermal transfer and energy efficiency,precise temperature control, uniform temperature distribution thanconventional heating of a chamber body of a bulky reactor to reach atemperature for initiating reactions.

The second gas-solid mixture is delivered out of the gas-solid feeder330A via the gas-solid outlet 337A, which is coupled to the gas-solidseparator 320B of the first reaction module within the processing system300. The gas-solid separator 320B includes a separator inlet 321B, twoor more separator outlets 322B, 324B. The separator inlet 321B of thegas-solid separator 320B collects products (e.g., a gas-solid mixturehaving the second gas and solid particles of partially reacted orcomplete reacted precursors) from the gas-solid outlet 337A of thegas-solid feeder 330A.

The gas-solid separator 320B separates the second gas-solid mixture intoa third type of solid particles and a second side product, and may be,for example, a cyclone, an electrostatic separators, an electrostaticprecipitator, a gravity separator, an inertia separator, a membraneseparator, a fluidized bed, a classifier, an electric sieve, animpactor, a particle collector, a leaching separator, an elutriator, anair classifier, a leaching classifier, and combinations thereof, amongothers. The gas-solid separator 320B connected to the gas-solid feeder330A may be any of the gas-solid separators 520A, 520B, 520C, 520D, orcombinations thereof, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, according variousembodiments of the invention.

The separator outlet 324B of the gas-solid separator 320B is adapted todeliver the second side product out of the gas-solid separator 320B. Thesecond side product may be delivered into a gas abatement device 326B(or the gas abatement device 326A shared with the gas-solid separator320A) to be treated and released out of the processing system 300. Thesecond side product may include, for example, water (H₂O) vapor, organicsolvent vapor, nitrogen-containing gas, oxygen-containing gas, O₂, O₃,nitrogen gas (N₂), NO, NO₂, NO₂, N₂O, N₄O, NO₃, N₂O₃, N₂O₄, N₂O₅,N(NO₂)₃, carbon-containing gas, carbon dioxide (CO₂), CO,hydrogen-containing gas, H₂, chlorine-containing gas, Cl₂,sulfur-containing gas, SO₂, small particles of the first type of solidparticles, small particles of the second type of solid particles, andcombinations thereof.

The separator outlet 322B of the gas-solid separator 320B is adapted todeliver the second type of solid particles to additional in-lineprocessing modules for continuing reactions. For example, the secondtype of solid particles can be delivered to the reactor 340 of thesecond processing module as shown in FIGS. 3A-3C or to the secondgas-solid feeder 330B of a reaction module as shown in FIG. 3D.

After the solid particles are separated and obtained from the gas-solidseparator 320B, they are delivered into the reactor 340 for furtherreactions. The reactor 340 includes a reactor inlet 345, a gas inlet388C, and a reactor outlet 347. The reactor inlet 345 is connected tothe separator outlet 322B and adapted to receive the solid particlesfrom the gas-solid separator 320B. Optionally, a vessel may beconfigured to store the second type of solid particles prior toadjusting the amounts of the second type of solid particles deliveredinto the reactor 340.

The gas inlet 388C of the reactor 340 is coupled to a heating mechanism380 to heat a gas from a gas source 382C to a reaction temperature ofbetween 400° C. and 1300° C. The heating mechanism 380 can be, forexample, an electric heater, a gas-fueled heater, a burner, among otherheaters. Additional gas lines can be used to deliver heated air or gasinto the reactor 340, if needed. The pre-heated gas can fill theinternal plenum of the reactor 340 and maintained the internaltemperature of the plenum. The use of heated gas as the energy sourceinside the reactor 340 provides the benefits of fast heat transfer,precise temperature control, obtaining uniform temperature distribution,and/or easy to scale up, among others.

The gas flowed into the reactor 340 is designed to be mixed with solidparticles and form a gas-solid mixture inside the reactor 340. Thermalenergy from the pre-heated gas is used as the energy source for reactingthe gas-solid mixture within the reactor 340 for a residence time ofbetween 1 second and ten hours, or longer, depending on the reactiontemperature and the type of the precursors initially delivered into theprocessing system 300. The chamber body of the reactor 340 is normallydesigned to withstand high reaction temperature for a long reaction timeperiod. One embodiment of the invention provides the control of thetemperature of the reactor 340 by the temperature of the heated gas. Thegas-solid mixture is then go through one or more reactions, including,but not limited to, oxidation, reduction, decomposition, combinationreaction, phase-transformation, re-crystallization, single displacementreaction, double displacement reaction, combustion, isomerization, andcombinations thereof, among others.

Once one or more reactions inside the reactor 340 are complete, forexample, upon the formation of desired crystal structure, particlemorphology, and particle size, final reaction products are delivered outof the reactor 340 via the reactor outlet 347. The final reactionproducts can be further processed and cooled down to obtain final solidparticles. The cooled solid particles of the reaction products mayinclude, for example, final solid particles of oxidized reaction productof the precursor compounds, suitable to be used as a material of abattery cell.

The reactor 340 is used to convert unreacted or partially reactedprecursor particles into reacted material particles or powders. Ingeneral, the reactor 340 of the processing system 300 can be a fluidizedbed reactor, such as a circulating fluidized bed reactor, a bubblingfluidized bed reactor, an annular fluidized bed reactor, a flashfluidized bed reactor, and combinations thereof. In addition, thereactor 340 can be any of a furnace-type reactor, such as a rotaryfurnace, a stirring furnace, a furnace with multiple temperature zones,and combinations thereof. FIGS. 6A-6D illustrates examples of reactors340A, 340B, 340C, 340D which can be used in the processing system 300.

In the example of FIG. 6A, the reactor 340A is a circulating-typefluidized bed reactor. The reactor 340A receives solid particles fromthe reactor inlet 345 and mixes them with a flow of pre-heated gas fromthe gas line 388C to form a gas-solid mixture within the internal plenumof the reactor 340A. The gas-solid mixture is heated by the thermalenergy of the preheated gas and complete reaction is enhanced bycontinuously flowing the gas-solid mixture out of the reactor 340A intoa gas-solid separator 620 coupled to the reactor 340A. The gas-solidseparator 620 is provided to remove side products (and/or a portion ofreaction products or by-products) out of the reactor 340A of theprocessing system 300 via a separator outlet 602 and recirculating atleast a portion of solid particles back into the reactor 340A via aseparator outlet 604. Product particles with desired sizes, crystalstructures, and morphology are collected and delivered out of thegas-solid separator 620 via a separator outlet 618 and/or the separatoroutlet 602.

In the example of FIG. 6B, the reactor 340B is a bubbling-type fluidizedbed reactor. A flow of pre-heated gas from the gas line 388C isdelivered into the reactor 340B and passes through a porous medium 628to mix with the solid particles delivered from the reactor inlet 345 andgenerate a bubbling gaseous fluid-solid mixture within the internalvolume of the reactor 340B. The bubbling gas-solid mixture is heated bythe thermal energy of the preheated gas and complete reaction isenhanced by bubbling flows within the reactor 340B. Upon completereaction, gaseous side products are removed out of the reactor 340B viathe rector outlet 347. Product particles with desired crystalstructures, morphology, and sizes are collected and delivered out of thereactor 340B via the reactor outlet 618.

In the example of FIG. 6C, the reactor 340C is an annular-type fluidizedbed reactor. A flow of pre-heated gas from the gas line 388C isdelivered into the reactor 340C and also diverted into additional gasflows, such as gas flows 633, to encourage thorough-mixing of the heatedgas with the solid particles delivered from the reactor inlet 345 andgenerate an uniformly mixed gas-solid mixture within the internal plenumof the reactor 340C. Upon complete reaction, gaseous side products areremoved out of the reactor 340C via the rector outlet 347. Productparticles with desired crystal structures, morphology, and sizes arecollected and delivered out of the reactor 340C via the reactor outlet618.

In the example of FIG. 6D, the reactor 340D is a flash-type fluidizedbed reactor. The reactor 340D receives the solid particles from thereactor inlet 345 and mixes it with a flow of pre-heated gas from thegas line 388C to form a gas-solid mixture. The gas-solid mixture ispassed through a tube reactor body 660 which is coupled to the reactor340D. The gas-solid mixture has to go through the long internal path,which encourages complete mixing and reaction using the thermal energyof the heated gas. Gaseous side products are then removed out of thereactor 340D via the rector outlet 347, and product particles withdesired crystal structures, morphology, and sizes are collected anddelivered out of the reactor 340D via the reactor outlet 618. It isnoted that additional gas lines can be used to deliver heating orcooling air or gas into the reactors 340A, 340B, 340C, 340D.

In some embodiment, the reactor 340 is configured for reacting a gaseousmixture of solid particles into final reaction products and/or annealingof final reacted product particles into proper crystal structures,particle sizes and morphology. (e.g., by re-circulating reactionproducts back to the reactor 340). For example, in FIG. 3A, theprocessing system 300 includes additional gas-solid separator, such as agas-solid separator 320D, which collects a portion of a gaseous mixtureof the reaction products from the reactor outlet 347 of the reactor 340and separates them into solid particles and gaseous side products. Someof the solid particles may not yet formed properly (e.g., partiallyreacted particles, agglomerates, undesirable larger sizes, etc.) andneed to react longer. In addition, some of the solid particles may needto be further annealed to form into proper crystal structures, sizes,and morphology. Thus, it is contemplated to design a check on thereaction products from the reactor 340 and deliver a portion of theseparated and collected solid particles from the gas-solid separator320D back into the reactor 340 for further reactions (e.g., completingreactions or annealing reaction). Usually, the geometry, together withair flow rate inside a gas-solid separator defines the particle cutpoint size of the gas-solid separator. For example, a portion of thesolid particles separated by the gas-solid separator 320D may containlarger size particles or agglomerates and may be recirculated back intothe reactor 340 via a reactor inlet 343. In addition, a portion of thesolid particles separated by the gas-solid separator 320D may containfinal product particles with desired sizes crystal structures, andmorphology, and can be delivered out of the gas-solid separator 320D viaa separator outlet 328.

The gas-solid separator 320D may include a separator inlet 321D, aseparator outlet 322D and a separator outlet 324D. The separator inlet321D is connected to the reactor outlet 347 and adapted to collect thegas-solid mixture and other reactor products from the reactor 340. Thegas-solid separator 320D separates the gas-solid mixture from thereactor 340 into solid particles and side products. The separator outlet322D is adapted to deliver a portion of the separated solid particlesback to the reactor 340 for further processing and reactions.

In FIG. 3A, the separator outlet 324D is adapted to deliver gaseous sideproducts out of the gas-solid separator 320D. The side products may bedelivered into a gas abatement device 326C to be treated and releasedout of the processing system 300. The gaseous side products separated bythe gas-solid separator 320D may generally contain water (H₂O) vapor,organic solvent vapor, nitrogen-containing gas, oxygen-containing gas,O₂, O₃, nitrogen gas (N₂), NO, NO₂, NO₂, N₂O, N₄O, NO₃, N₂O₃, N₂O₄,N₂O₅, N(NO₂)₃, carbon-containing gas, carbon dioxide (CO₂), CO,hydrogen-containing gas, H₂, chlorine-containing gas, Cl₂,sulfur-containing gas, SO₂, small particles of the first type of solidparticles, small particles of the second type of solid particles, andcombinations thereof.

The gas-solid separator 320D may be a particle collector, such ascyclone, electrostatic separator, electrostatic precipitator, gravityseparator, inertia separator, membrane separator, fluidized bedsclassifiers electric sieves impactor, leaching separator, elutriator,air classifier, leaching classifier, and combinations thereof. Suitableexamples of the gas-solid separator 320D include the gas-solidseparators 520A, 520B, 520C, 520D, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5C.

In FIG. 3A, the processing system 300 may further include a coolingmodule comprised of one or more cooling mechanisms and/or cooling fluidlines connected to the reactor outlet 347 or the separator outlet 328 ofthe gas solid separator 320D and adapted to deliver one or more coolingfluids to cool solid particles and final reaction products from thereactor 340. In FIG. 3A, the cooling module may include a heat exchanger350 and a cooling fluid source 352. For example, a cooling fluid line355 may be connected to the heat exchanger 350 and adapted to deliver acooling fluid from the cooling fluid source 352 to an inlet of the heatexchanger 350.

The cooling fluid may be a liquid and/or a gas and may be filtered by afilter to remove particles prior to being delivered into the heatexchanger 350. The heat exchanger 350 is adapted to collect the solidparticles and/or final reaction products from the reactor 340 directlyand/or via the gas-solid separator 320D and cool the solid particles bydelivering a cooling fluid through them. The cooling fluid may have atemperature (e.g., between 4° C. and 30° C.), which is lower than thetemperature of the reaction products and the solid particles deliveredfrom the gas-solid separator 320D and/or the reactor 340. The coolingfluid may be water, liquid nitrogen, an air, an inert gas or any liquidsor gases which would not react to the reaction products (e.g., finalreacted solid particles). Once being cooled, the solid particles aredelivered out of the processing system 300 and collected in a finalproduct collector 368. The solid particles may include oxidized form ofprecursors, such as an oxide material, suitable to be packed into abattery cell 370.

In the example of FIG. 3B, the processing system 300 generally includesa first drying module, two reactions modules, and two cooling modules.The reactor 340 within the processing system 300 may be coupled to twoor more gas-solid separators, 320D, 320E. The two cooling modules arecomprised of two heat exchangers 350A, 350B, respectively. Solidparticles from the first drying module and the first reaction module aredelivered in-line to the reactor 340 of the second reaction module toform gas-solid mixtures and react for a residence time at a highreaction temperature of between 600° C. and 1300° C. into a gaseousmixture of reaction products.

In FIG. 3B, a portion of the gaseous mixture of reaction products (whichmay be partially reacted and/or completely reacted) are then deliveredout of the reactor 340 (via reactor outlet 347) into the gas-solidseparator 320D (via the separator inlet 321D) to be separated into solidparticles, for example, partially reacted particles, agglomerates, largeparticles, and other products. A portion of the separated solidparticles are delivered back into the reactor 340 for further reactions(e.g., completing reactions and/or annealing reaction). On the otherhand, a portion of a gaseous mixture including water (H₂O) vapor,gaseous reaction product mixture, small particles of the reacted solidparticles, and/or other reaction products and by-products, etc., whichwas initially obtained from the reactor 340 are delivered from theseparator outlet 324D of the gas-solid separator 320D into a separatorinlet 321E of the gas-solid separator 320E to further separate andobtain final reacted solid particles.

The gas-solid separator 320E collects a portion of a gaseous mixturefrom the reactor 340 via the gas-solid separator 320D and separates thegaseous mixture into final reacted solid particles and other gaseousside products, by-products or vapors. The final reacted solid particlesare obtained from a separator outlet 322E of the gas-solid separator320E. The gaseous side products separated by the gas-solid separator320E are delivered into the gas abatement device 326C via a separatoroutlet 324E of the gas-solid separator 320E and exited the processingsystem 300. In addition, some of the solid particles, which areseparated by the gas-solid separator 320D and obtained from theseparator outlet 328, are mixed with the final reacted solid particlesobtained from the separator outlet 322E of the gas-solid separator 320E.

Once all of the final reacted solid particles are obtained, they aredelivered to the heat exchanger 350A of the first cooling module andin-line to the heat exchanger 350B of the second cooling module to cooltheir temperatures. The two heat exchangers 350A, 350B are configured intandem and positioned in-line to facilitate faster cooling of finalsolid particles without interfering with system throughput. Once thefinal solid particles are cooled, they are collected in the finalproduct collector 368 and delivered out of the processing system 300, tobe packed into the battery cell 370.

In the example of FIG. 3C, the processing system 300 may include a firstdrying module and two reactions modules, having the reactor 340 coupledto two or more gas-solid separators, 320D, 320E. Further, the processingsystem 300 may include three or more cooling modules, where a firstcooling module is comprised of a gas-solid feeder 330C and a gas-solidseparator 320F, a second cooling module is comprised of the heatexchangers 350A, and a third cooling module is comprised of the heatexchanger 350B.

In FIG. 3C, the first cooling module is configured to direct a flow of acooling fluid from a cooling fluid source 352A to the final reactedsolid particles obtained from the reaction module and mixed themtogether to facilitate cooling efficiency. For example, the gas-solidfeeder 330C may include a solid inlet 335C connected to the separatoroutlet 322E and adapted to receive the final reacted solid particles, agas inlet 358C, and a gas-solid outlet 337C. Optionally, one or morevessels can be configured to store the final reacted solid particlesprior to adjusting the amounts of the final reacted solid particlesdelivered into the gas-solid feeder 330C. The gas-solid feeder 330C maybe, for example, a venturi feeder, a rotary feeder, a screw feeder, atable feeder, a belt feeder, a vibrating feeder, a tube feeder, andcombinations thereof, among others.

The gas inlet 358C of the gas-solid feeder 330C is connected to thecooling fluid source 352A to deliver a flow of a cooling fluid having atemperature of between 4° C. and 30° C. The cooling fluid may be aninert gas or any other gases which would not react to the reactionproducts (e.g., final reacted solid particles). The cooling fluid may befiltered by a filter to remove particles prior to being delivered intothe gas-solid feeder 330C. The cooling gas is injected into thegas-solid feeder 330C at an adjustable flow rate to fill the internalplenum of the gas-solid feeder 330C, mix with the final reacted solidparticles, and form a cooled gas-solid mixture. The cooled gas-solidmixture is delivered, through the plenum of the gas-solid feeder 330Cand into the gas-solid separator 320F, for a cooling residence time ofbetween 1 second and 1 hour.

As shown in FIG. 3C, the gas-solid separator 320F of the first coolingmodule includes a separator inlet 321F to receive the cooled gas-solidmixture, a separator outlet 322F and a separator outlet 324F. Thegas-solid separator 320F separates the cooled gas-solid mixture intocooled final reacted solid particles and a gaseous side product. Thegaseous side product may include water vapors and/or other by-productsand is delivered via the separator outlet 324F into a gas abatementdevice 326D to exit the processing system 300. The cooled final reactedsolid particles can be delivered to the second cooling module to furthercool its temperature, and/or to the final product collector 368.

The heat exchangers 350A, 350B of the second and third cooling modulesare connected to the same or different cooling fluid sources. Forexample the heat exchangers 350A, 350B may be connected via the coolingfluid line 355 to a cooling fluid source 352B. The heat exchangers 350A,350B collect the cooled reacted solid particles and/or final reactionproducts delivered from the gas-solid feeder 330C, and exchange thermalenergy with a cooling fluid flowed from the cooling fluid source 352B.Next, the solid particles cooled by the heat exchangers 350A, 350B aredelivered into the final product collector 368. In one example, thesolid particles include oxidized form of precursors, such as an oxidematerial, suitable to be packed into the battery cell 370.

In the example of FIG. 3D, the processing system 300 may include a firstdrying module, three or more reactions modules, and two or more coolingmodule. The three reaction modules may include a first reaction modulecomprised of the first gas-solid feeder 330A and the gas solid separator320B, a second reaction module comprised of the second gas-solid feeder330B and the gas solid separator 320C, and a third reaction modulecomprised of the reactor 340, and one or more gas solid separators(e.g., the solid-separators 320D, 320E, etc.) The two cooling modulesinclude a first cooling module comprised of the heat exchanger 350A anda second cooling module comprised of the heat exchanger 350B.

The gas-solid feeder 330B includes a solid inlet 335B, a gas inlet 388Dconnected to a gas source 382D, and a gas-solid outlet 337B. Thegas-solid feeder 330A is connected to the separator outlet 322A andadapted to receive the solid particles from the gas-solid separator 320Bof the first reaction module. Optionally, one or more vessel can beconfigured to store the solid particles prior to adjusting the amountsof the solid particles delivered into the gas-solid feeder 330B.

In FIG. 3D, the gas-solid feeder 330B of the second reaction module isconfigured to mix a gas received from the gas source 382D with the solidparticles received from the gas-solid separator 320B to form a gas-solidmixture therein and delivered into the gas-solid separator 320C. Thegas-solid feeder 330B can be any suitable gas-solid feeders, such as aventuri feeder, a rotary feeder, a screw feeder, a table feeder, a beltfeeder, a vibrating feeder, a tube feeder, and combinations thereof,among others. It is contemplated to couple the gas inlet 388D of thegas-solid feeder 330B to a heating mechanism to heat a gas from the gassource 382D to a reaction temperature of between 400° C. and 1300° C.for further reacting the solid particles obtain from the first reactionmodule prior to delivering them into the reactor 340 of the thirdreaction module for complete reactions. The heating mechanism coupled tothe gas inlet 388D can be, for example, an electric heater, a gas-fueledheater, a burner, among other heaters. Additional gas lines can be usedto deliver heated air or gas into the gas-solid feeder 330B, if needed.The pre-heated gas is injected into the gas-solid feeder 3306 at anadjustable flow rate to fill the internal plenum of the gas-solid feeder3306 and mix with the solid particles to form a third gas-solid mixture.The internal plenum of the gas-solid feeder 330A can be maintained at aninternal temperature, using the thermal energy of the gas injectedwithin the gas-solid feeder 330B. One or more reactions of the solidparticles obtained from the first reaction module can be continuedwithin the gas-solid feeder 330B of the second reaction module, for aresidence time of between 1 second and ten hours, or longer, between thetime the gas-solid mixture are formed within the gas-solid feeder 330B,and the time the gas-solid mixture is separated by the gas-solidseparator 320C within the second reaction module.

The gas-solid separator 320C includes a separator inlet 321C, aseparator outlet 322C, and a separator outlet 324C. The separator inlet321C is connected to the gas-solid outlet 337B of the gas-solid feeder330B. The gas-solid separator 320C separates the gas-solid mixturedelivered from the gas-solid feeder 330B into solid particles and agaseous side product. The separator outlet 322C is connected to thereactor inlet 345 of the reactor 340 for delivering separated solidparticles into the reactor 340. The separator outlet 324C is connectedto the gas abatement device 326B for delivering gaseous side product outof the processing system 300. The gas-solid separator 320C may be any ofthe gas-solid separators 520A, 520B, 520C, 520D, as shown in FIGS.5A-5C, according various embodiments of the invention.

In FIG. 3D, solid particles containing one or more precursors obtainedfrom the first drying module are delivered in-line to the first reactionmodule and the second reaction module to initiate and continue one orreactions of the precursors, which are further processed in-line by thereactor 340 of the third reaction module. Within the three reactionmodules, the solid particles are continuously processed (e.g., beingmixed with one or more gases into gas-solid mixtures and then separatedinto solid particles) to carry out one or more thermal reactions to theprecursor-containing particles. The reactions within the three reactionmodules include, but are not limited to, oxidation, reduction,decomposition, phase-transformation, combination reaction,phase-transformation, re-crystallization, annealing, single displacementreaction, double displacement reaction, combustion, isomerization, andcombinations thereof. Once all of the final reacted solid particles areobtained, they are cooled by the heat exchangers 350A, 350B andcollected in the final product collector 368.

As shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, a process control system 390 can be coupled tothe processing system 300 at various locations to automatically controlthe manufacturing process performed by the processing system 300 andadjust various process parameters (e.g., flow rate, mixture ratio,temperature, residence time, etc.) within the processing system 300. Forexample, the flow rate of the liquid mixture into the processing system300 can be adjusted near the liquid mixture container 304 or the pump305. As another example, the droplet size and generation rate of themist generated by the mist generator 306 can be adjusted. In addition,flow rate and temperatures of various gases flowed within the gas lines388A, 388B, 388C, 388D, 355, 515, etc., can be controlled by the processcontrol system 390. In addition, the process control system 390 isadapted to control the temperature, air pressure, and the residence timeof various gas-solid mixture and solid particles at desired level atvarious locations.

In operation, the process control system 390 may be used to control theparameters of a continuous multi-stage process (e.g., the method 100 asdescribed herein) performed within the processing system 300 to obtainhigh quality and consistent active battery materials with much lesstime, labor, and supervision than materials prepared from conventionalmanufacturing processes. Representative processing profiles performed bythe processing system 300 of FIGS. 3A-3D are shown astemperature-versus-time plots in FIGS. 4A-4D, respectively. Themulti-stage process may include a first processing stage 411, a secondprocessing stage 412, a third processing stage 413, and a fourthprocessing stage 414.

In FIG. 4A, the process profile performed by the first drying module ofthe processing system 300 of FIG. 3A is indicated as the firstprocessing stage 411. The second processing stage 412 represents theprocess profile performed by the first reaction module, and the thirdprocessing stage 413 presented the process profile performed by thesecond reaction module. Further, the process profile performed by thecooling module is presented as the fourth processing stage 414.

In FIG. 4B, the process profiles performed by the first drying module,the first reaction module, and the second reaction module of theprocessing system 300 of FIG. 3B are shown as the first processing stage411, the second processing stage 412, and the third processing stage413. In addition, the process profiles performed by the heat exchangers350A, 350B of the first and the second cooling modules are presented asprocessing stages 414A, 414B, respectively. Comparing the processprofiles of FIGS. 4A-4B, shorter process time can be accomplished byinstalling additional in-line gas-solid separator and heat exchanger.

In FIG. 4C, the process profiles performed by the first drying module,the first reaction module, and the second reaction module of theprocessing system 300 of FIG. 3C are shown as the first processing stage411, the second processing stage 412, and the third processing stage413. In addition, the process profiles performed by the first, secondand third cooling modules are presented as processing stages 414A, 414B,and 414C, respectively. Comparing the process profiles of FIGS. 4A-4C,shorter process time can be accomplished by configuring additionalin-line cooling modules having multiple gas-solid feeders and/or heatexchangers.

In FIG. 4D, the process profiles performed by the first drying moduleand the three reaction modules of the processing system 300 of FIG. 3Care shown as the first processing stage 411, the second processingstages 412A, 412B, and the third processing stage 413, respectively. Inaddition, the process profiles performed by the two cooling modules arepresented as processing stages 414A and 414B, respectively. As shown inFIGS. 4D, shorter reaction processing time can be accomplished byinstalling additional in-line reaction modules having multiple gas-solidfeeders to initiate reactions.

Accordingly, a continuous multi-stage process for producing a materialof a battery cell using a processing system having a mist generator, adrying chamber, one or more gas-solid separators, one or more gas-solidfeeders, a reactor, and, optionally, one or more cooling mechanisms isprovided. A mist generated from a liquid mixture of one or moreprecursor compounds (e.g., at least one metal-containing compound and atleast one solvent in desired ratio) is mixed with air to form gas-solidmixtures and dried inside the drying chamber. One or more gas-solidseparators are used in the processing system to separate gas-solidmixtures (formed and delivered from the drying chamber, the gas-solidfeeders, and the reactor, etc.) into solid particles and continuouslydeliver the solid particles into the next-stage processing modules forfurther material processing, thereby obtaining final solid materialparticles suitable to be fabricated inside a battery cell.

In one embodiment, preparation and manufacturing of a metal oxidematerial is provided. Depending on the details and ratios of themetal-containing precursor compounds that are delivered into theprocessing system 300, the resulting final solid material particlesobtained from the processing system 300 may contain desired ratio ofmetals intercalated into proper crystal structure and morphology. Forexample, the final solid particles or powders from the processing system300 may contain a metal oxide material, a doped metal oxide material, aninorganic metal salts, among others. Exemplary metal oxide materialsinclude, but are not limited to, titanium oxide (Ti_(x)O_(y), such asTi₂O₅), chromium oxide (Cr_(x)O_(y), such as Cr₂O₇), tin oxide(Sn_(x)O_(y), such as SnO₂, SnO, SnSiO₃, etc.), copper oxide(Cu_(x)O_(y), such as CuO, Cu₂O, etc), aluminum oxide (Al_(x)O_(y), suchas Al₂O₃,), manganese oxide (Mn_(x)O_(y)), iron oxide (Fe_(x)O_(y), suchas Fe₂O₃, etc.), among others.

For mixed metal oxide materials, it is desired to control thecomposition of final reaction product material powders or particles bythe ratio of the precursor compounds added in a liquid mixture added tothe processing system 300. In one embodiment, a metal oxide with two ormore metals (Me_(x)Me′_(y)O_(z)) is obtained. Examples include lithiumtransitional metal oxide (LiMeO₂), lithium titanium oxide (e.g.,Li₄Ti₅O₁₂), lithium cobalt oxide (e.g., LiCoO₂), lithium manganese oxide(e.g., LiMn₂O₄), lithium nickel oxide (e.g., LiNiO₂), lithium ironphosphate (e.g., LiFePO₄), lithium cobalt phosphate (e.g., LiCoPO₄),lithium manganese phosphate (e.g., LiMnPO₄), lithium nickel phosphate(e.g., LiNiPO₄), sodium iron oxide (e.g., NaFe₂O₃), sodium ironphosphate (e.g., NaFeP₂O₇), among others.

In another example, a metal oxide with three or four intercalated metalsis obtained. Exemplary metal oxide materials include, but are notlimited to, lithium nickel cobalt oxide (e.g., Li_(x)Ni_(y)Co_(z)O₂),lithium nickel manganese oxide (e.g., Li_(x)Ni_(y)Mn_(z)O₂,Li_(x)Ni_(y)Mn_(z)O₄, etc.), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide(e.g., Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layered structures orlayered-layered structures; and/or LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O₂, a NMC oxidematerial where x+y+z=1, such as LiNi_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)CO_(0.33)O₂,LiNi_(0.6)Mn_(0.2)CO_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.3)CO_(0.2)O₂,LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.3)CO_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.4)Mn_(0.4)Co_(0.2)O₂,LiNi_(0.7)Mn_(0.15)Co_(0.15)O₂, LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.1)CO_(0.1)O₂, etc.;and/or a mixed metal oxide with doped metal, among others. Otherexamples include lithium cobalt aluminum oxide (e.g.,Li_(x)Co_(y)Al_(z)O_(n)), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (e.g.,Li_(x)Ni_(y)Co_(z)Al_(a)O_(b)), sodium iron manganese oxide (e.g.,Na_(x)Fe_(y)Mn_(z)O₂), among others. In another example, a mixed metaloxide with doped metal is obtained; for example.Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b) (where Me=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe,Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b)F_(c) (whereMe=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), among others.

Other metal oxide materials containing one or more lithium (Li), nickel(Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), sodium(Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), vanadium (V), cesium (Cs), copper(Cu), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), among others, can also be obtained. Inaddition, the metal oxide materials can exhibit a crystal structure ofmetals in the shape of layered, spinel, olivine, etc. In addition, themorphology of the final reaction particles (such as the second type ofsolid particles prepared using the method 100 and the processing system300 as described herein) exists as desired solid powders. The particlesizes of the solid powders range between 10 nm and 100 um.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention,other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised withoutdeparting from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof isdetermined by the claims that follow.

1. A material of a battery cell, comprising: one or more final reactedsolid particles of a reaction product obtained from a processcomprising: forming a mixture from a mist of a liquid mixture and a flowof a first gas and drying the mixture at a drying temperature to forminto a first gas-solid mixture; separating the first gas-solid mixtureinto a first type of solid particles and a first side product anddelivering the first type of solid particles into a reactor; forming asecond gas-solid mixture inside the reactor from the second type ofsolid particles and a flow of a second gas that is heated to a reactiontemperature; reacting the second gas-solid mixture inside the reactorand forming the one or more final reacted solid particles of thereaction product.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dryingtemperature is lower than the reaction temperature.
 3. The material ofclaim 1, wherein the first gas comprises a gas selected from the groupconsisting of air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, inert gas,noble gas, and combinations thereof and is heated to a temperature ofbetween 70° C. and 600° C.
 4. The material of claim 1, wherein thesecond gas comprise a gas selected from the group consisting of air,oxygen, carbon dioxide, an oxidizing gas, nitrogen gas, inert gas, noblegas, and combinations thereof and is heated to a temperature of between400° C. and 1300° C.
 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the liquidmixture is selected from the group consisting of a solution of two ormore metal-containing precursors, a slurry of metal-containingprecursors, a gel mixture of metal-containing precursors, andcombinations thereof.
 6. The material of claim 5, wherein themetal-containing precursors comprises a metal-containing compoundselected from the group consisting of metal salts, lithium-containingcompound, cobalt-containing compound, manganese-containing compound,nickel-containing compound, lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄), lithium nitrate(LiNO₃), lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), lithium acetate (LiCH₂COO), lithiumhydroxide (LiOH), lithium formate (LiCHO₂), lithium chloride (LiCl),cobalt sulfate (CoSO₄), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO₃)₂), cobalt carbonate(CoCO₃), cobalt acetate (Co(CH₂COO)₂), cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)₂),cobalt formate (Co(CHO₂)₂), cobalt chloride (CoCl₂), manganese sulfate(MnSO₄), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO₃)₂), manganese carbonate (MnCO₃),manganese acetate (Mn(CH₂COO)₂), manganese hydroxide (Mn(OH)₂),manganese formate (Mn(CHO₂)₂), manganese chloride (MnCl₂), nickelsulfate (NiSO₄), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂), nickel carbonate (NiCO₃),nickel acetate (Ni(CH₂COO)₂), nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂), nickel formate(Ni(CHO₂)₂), nickel chloride (NiCl₂), aluminum (AD-containing compound,titanium (Ti)-containing compound, sodium (Na)-containing compound,potassium (K)-containing compound, rubidium (Rb)-containing compound,vanadium (V)-containing compound, cesium (Cs)-containing compound,chromium (Cr)-containing compound, copper (Cu)-containing compound,magnesium (Mg)-containing compound, iron (Fe)-containing compound, andcombinations thereof.
 7. The material of claim 1, wherein the one ormore final reacted solid particles comprise an oxide compound with twoor more metals comprising lithium (Li), and a metal selected from thegroup consisting of cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), aluminum(Al), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), sodium (Na), potassium (K),rubidium (Rb), vanadium (V), cesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu),iron (Fe), and combinations thereof.
 8. The material of claim 1, whereinthe one or more final reacted solid particles comprise a materialselected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, titanium oxide,chromium oxide, tin oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, manganeseoxide, iron oxide, a metal oxide with two or more metals, lithiumtransitional metal oxides, lithium titanium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide,lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron phosphate,lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium nickelphosphate, sodium iron oxide, sodium iron phosphate, a metal oxide withthree or four intercalated metals, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithiumnickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide,Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layered structures,Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layered-layered structures,LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O₂ (where x+y+z=1), LiNi_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)Co_(0.33)O₂,LiNi_(0.6)Mn_(0.2)CO_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.3)Co_(0.2)O₂,LiNi_(0.7)Mn_(0.4)Co_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.7)Mn_(0.5)Co_(0.15)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.1)O₂, a mixed metal oxide with doped metal,Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b) (where Me=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe,Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b)F_(c)(where Me=dopedmetal of Al, Mg, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), lithium cobalt aluminum oxide,lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, sodium iron manganese oxide, andcombinations thereof.
 9. The material of claim 1, wherein the firstgas-solid mixture is separated into the first type of solid particlesusing one or more separators selected from the group consisting ofcyclones, electrostatic separators, electrostatic precipitators, gravityseparators, inertia separators, membrane separators, fluidized beds,classifiers, electric sieves, impactors, particles collectors, leachingseparators, elutriators, air classifiers, leaching classifiers, andcombination thereof.
 10. A material of a battery cell, comprising: oneor more final reacted solid particles of a reaction product obtainedfrom a process comprising: forming a mixture from a mist of a liquidmixture and a flow of a first gas and drying the mixture at a dryingtemperature to form into a first gas-solid mixture; separating the firstgas-solid mixture into a first type of solid particles and a first sideproduct; forming a second gas-solid mixture from the first type of solidparticles and a flow of a heated gas; separating the second gas-solidmixture into a second type of solid particles and a second side productand delivering the second type of solid particles into a reactor;forming a third gas-solid mixture inside the reactor from the secondtype of solid particles and a flow of a third gas that is heated to areaction temperature; and reacting the third gas-solid mixture insidethe reactor and forming the one or more final reacted solid particles ofthe reaction product.
 11. The material of claim 10, wherein the liquidmixture is selected from the group consisting of a solution of two ormore metal-containing precursors, a slurry of metal-containingprecursors, a gel mixture of metal-containing precursors, andcombinations thereof.
 12. The material of claim 11, wherein themetal-containing precursors comprises a metal-containing compoundselected from the group consisting of metal salts, lithium-containingcompound, cobalt-containing compound, manganese-containing compound,nickel-containing compound, lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄), lithium nitrate(LiNO₃), lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), lithium acetate (LiCH₂COO), lithiumhydroxide (LiOH), lithium formate (LiCHO₂), lithium chloride (LiCl),cobalt sulfate (CoSO₄), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO₃)₂), cobalt carbonate(CoCO₃), cobalt acetate (Co(CH₂COO)₂), cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)₂),cobalt formate (Co(CHO₂)₂), cobalt chloride (CoCl₂), manganese sulfate(MnSO₄), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO₃)₂), manganese carbonate (MnCO₃),manganese acetate (Mn(CH₂COO)₂), manganese hydroxide (Mn(OH)₂),manganese formate (Mn(CHO₂)₂), manganese chloride (MnCl₂), nickelsulfate (NiSO₄), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂), nickel carbonate (NiCO₃),nickel acetate (Ni(CH₂COO)₂), nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂), nickel formate(Ni(CHO₂)₂), nickel chloride (NiCl₂), aluminum (AD-containing compound,titanium (Ti)-containing compound, sodium (Na)-containing compound,potassium (K)-containing compound, rubidium (Rb)-containing compound,vanadium (V)-containing compound, cesium (Cs)-containing compound,chromium (Cr)-containing compound, copper (Cu)-containing compound,magnesium (Mg)-containing compound, iron (Fe)-containing compound, andcombinations thereof.
 13. The material of claim 10, wherein the one ormore final reacted solid particles comprise an oxide compound with twoor more metals comprising lithium (Li), and a metal selected from thegroup consisting of cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), aluminum(Al), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), sodium (Na), potassium (K),rubidium (Rb), vanadium (V), cesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu),iron (Fe), and combinations thereof.
 14. The material of claim 10,wherein the one or more final reacted solid particles comprise amaterial selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, titaniumoxide, chromium oxide, tin oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide,manganese oxide, iron oxide, a metal oxide with two or more metals,lithium transitional metal oxides, lithium titanium oxide, lithiumcobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithiumiron phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate,lithium nickel phosphate, sodium iron oxide, sodium iron phosphate, ametal oxide with three or four intercalated metals, lithium nickelcobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganesecobalt oxide, Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layered structures,Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layered-layered structures,LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O₂ (where x+y+z=1), LiNi_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)Co_(0.33)O₂,LiNi_(0.6)Mn_(0.2)CO_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.3)Co_(0.2)O₂,LiNi_(0.4)Mn_(0.4)Co_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.7)Mn_(0.15)Co_(0.15)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.1)O₂, a mixed metal oxide with doped metal,Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b) (where Me=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe,Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b)F_(c)(where Me=dopedmetal of Al, Mg, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), lithium cobalt aluminum oxide,lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, sodium iron manganese oxide, andcombinations thereof.
 15. The material of claim 10, wherein the firstgas-solid mixture is separated into the first type of solid particlesusing one or more separators selected from the group consisting ofcyclones, electrostatic separators, electrostatic precipitators, gravityseparators, inertia separators, membrane separators, fluidized beds,classifiers, electric sieves, impactors, particles collectors, leachingseparators, elutriators, air classifiers, leaching classifiers, andcombination thereof.
 16. The material of claim 10, wherein the firsttype of solid particles are delivered into a gas-solid feeder to forminto the second gas-solid mixture, and wherein the gas-solid feeder isselected from the group consisting of a venture feeder, a rotary feeder,a screw feeder, a table feeder, a belt feeder, a vibrating feeder, atube feeder, and combinations thereof.
 17. A material of a battery cell,comprising: one or more final reacted solid particles of a reactionproduct obtained from a process comprising: forming a mixture from amist of a liquid mixture and a flow of a first gas; drying the mixtureat a drying temperature to form into a first gas-solid mixture inside adrying chamber; taking the first gas-solid mixture out of the dryingchamber; separating the first gas-solid mixture into a first type ofsolid particles and a first side product using a first separator;reacting a second gas-solid mixture formed from the first type of solidparticles and a flow of a second gas heated to a first reactiontemperature and forming a second gas-solid mixture inside a gas-solidfeeder; separating the second gas-solid mixture into a second type ofsolid particles and a second side product by using a second separator;delivering the second type of solid particles into a reactor; forming athird gas-solid mixture from the second type of solid particles and aflow of a third gas heated to a second reaction temperature; reactingthe third gas-solid mixtures inside the reactor; and forming the one ormore final reacted solid particles.
 18. The material of claim 17,wherein the first separator is selected from the group consisting ofcyclones, electrostatic separators, electrostatic precipitators, gravityseparators, inertia separators, membrane separators, fluidized beds,classifiers, electric sieves, impactors, particles collectors, leachingseparators, elutriators, air classifiers, leaching classifiers, andcombination thereof.
 19. The material of claim 17, wherein the gas-solidfeeder is selected from the group consisting of a venture feeder, arotary feeder, a screw feeder, a table feeder, a belt feeder, avibrating feeder, a tube feeder, and combinations thereof.
 20. Thematerial of claim 17, wherein the one or more final reacted solidparticles comprise an oxide compound with two or more metals comprisinglithium (Li), and a metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt(Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg),titanium (Ti), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), vanadium (V),cesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and combinationsthereof.
 21. The material of claim 17, wherein the one or more finalreacted solid particles comprise a material selected from the groupconsisting of a metal oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, tin oxide,copper oxide, aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, a metal oxidewith two or more metals, lithium transitional metal oxides, lithiumtitanium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithiumnickel oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithiummanganese phosphate, lithium nickel phosphate, sodium iron oxide, sodiumiron phosphate, a metal oxide with three or four intercalated metals,lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithiumnickel manganese cobalt oxide, Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layeredstructures, Li_(a)Ni_(b)Mn_(c)Co_(d)O_(e) in layered-layered structures,LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O₂ (where x+y+z=1), LiNi_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)Co_(0.33)O₂,LiNi_(0.6)Mn_(0.2)Co_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.3)CO_(0.2)O₂,LiNi_(0.4)Mn_(0.4)Co_(0.2)O₂, LiNi_(0.7)Mn_(0.15)CO_(0.15)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.1)O₂, a mixed metal oxide with doped metal,Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b) (where Me=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe,Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z))MeO_(b)F_(c) (whereMe=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), lithium cobalt aluminumoxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, sodium iron manganeseoxide, and combinations thereof.